their larvae to human and animals called myiasis (Kassiri et al. 2012). Myiasis is
sometimes regarded as an occupational disease because of its prevalence in feedlots
and traditional ranches (Akbarzadeh et al. 2012).
Different forms of human and animal myiasis are common in Iran. Wohlfahrtia
magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the main agent of wound myiasis in animal.
Oral myiasis as the dominant type of human myiasis is caused by Oestrus ovis
(Diptera: Oestridae) (Akbarzadeh et al. 2012; Alizadeh et al. 2014). Other fly
families are also involved in transmission of myiasis in the country (Alizadeh
et al. 2014).
Parasitic wasps in the families Pteromalidae and Chalcididae parasitize
Muscomorpha in various regions of the country. The dominant species of
Pteromalidae collected from naturally parasitized housefly pupae was Nasonia
vitripennis Walker, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with parasitic rate of
26.7% (Akbarzadeh et al. 2017). This species was reported in 1991 as a suitable
biological control agent in reduction of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
population in Iran (Iranpour et al. 1991). Presence of N. vitripennis was reconfirmed
in the checklist by Lotfalizadeh and Gharali (2008). N. vitripennis is a cosmopolitan
parasitie of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae pupae (Van den Assem and Werren
1994).
One of the widely distributed genera of Chalcididae is Brachymeria. Members of
this genus are parasitoids of muscoid flies (Marchiori 2001). Species of Brachymeria
have been reported in Iran (Lotfalizadeh et al. 2012).
N. vitripennis and Brachymeria podagrica have been collected from medically
important flies in Brazil (Marchiori, 2004) and Argentina (Horenstein and Salvo
2012). Natural host preference of three species of parasitic wasps including
N. vitripennis, Pachycrepoide vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and
Spalangia nigroaenea (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has been observed on three
medical important fly species including M. domestica, Lucilia sericata (Diptera:
Calliphoridae) and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) showing
high preference of S. nigroaenea for M. domestica and potential of N. vitripennis for
control of synanthropic flies (Khoobdel et al. 2019). There is also compatibility
between N. vitripennis and cyromazine as an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR).
Deployment of 1.1% or 0.9% Cyromazine treated cloths in addition to release of
N. vitripennis is suggested for control of housefly in poultry coops and livestock
farms (Vazirianzadeh et al. 2008).
16.2.5 Diseases Transmitted by Cockroaches
Cockroaches can transmit parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses of public health
importance. The prevalent species in Iran including Periplaneta americana
(Blattodea: Blattidae), Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), B. orientalis
and Supella longipalpa (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) (Arfa Rahimian et al. 2019) are
mostly suppressed by chemical insecticides mainly applied in sewage systems.
16 Biocontrol for Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance in Iran
591
sometimes regarded as an occupational disease because of its prevalence in feedlots
and traditional ranches (Akbarzadeh et al. 2012).
Different forms of human and animal myiasis are common in Iran. Wohlfahrtia
magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is the main agent of wound myiasis in animal.
Oral myiasis as the dominant type of human myiasis is caused by Oestrus ovis
(Diptera: Oestridae) (Akbarzadeh et al. 2012; Alizadeh et al. 2014). Other fly
families are also involved in transmission of myiasis in the country (Alizadeh
et al. 2014).
Parasitic wasps in the families Pteromalidae and Chalcididae parasitize
Muscomorpha in various regions of the country. The dominant species of
Pteromalidae collected from naturally parasitized housefly pupae was Nasonia
vitripennis Walker, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with parasitic rate of
26.7% (Akbarzadeh et al. 2017). This species was reported in 1991 as a suitable
biological control agent in reduction of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
population in Iran (Iranpour et al. 1991). Presence of N. vitripennis was reconfirmed
in the checklist by Lotfalizadeh and Gharali (2008). N. vitripennis is a cosmopolitan
parasitie of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae pupae (Van den Assem and Werren
1994).
One of the widely distributed genera of Chalcididae is Brachymeria. Members of
this genus are parasitoids of muscoid flies (Marchiori 2001). Species of Brachymeria
have been reported in Iran (Lotfalizadeh et al. 2012).
N. vitripennis and Brachymeria podagrica have been collected from medically
important flies in Brazil (Marchiori, 2004) and Argentina (Horenstein and Salvo
2012). Natural host preference of three species of parasitic wasps including
N. vitripennis, Pachycrepoide vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and
Spalangia nigroaenea (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) has been observed on three
medical important fly species including M. domestica, Lucilia sericata (Diptera:
Calliphoridae) and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) showing
high preference of S. nigroaenea for M. domestica and potential of N. vitripennis for
control of synanthropic flies (Khoobdel et al. 2019). There is also compatibility
between N. vitripennis and cyromazine as an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR).
Deployment of 1.1% or 0.9% Cyromazine treated cloths in addition to release of
N. vitripennis is suggested for control of housefly in poultry coops and livestock
farms (Vazirianzadeh et al. 2008).
16.2.5 Diseases Transmitted by Cockroaches
Cockroaches can transmit parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses of public health
importance. The prevalent species in Iran including Periplaneta americana
(Blattodea: Blattidae), Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Ectobiidae), B. orientalis
and Supella longipalpa (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) (Arfa Rahimian et al. 2019) are
mostly suppressed by chemical insecticides mainly applied in sewage systems.
16 Biocontrol for Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance in Iran
591