However, several attempts have been made to deploy entomopathogenic fungi for
cockroaches’ control. Entomopathogenic fungi of B. bassiana, Lecanicillium
muscarium and M. anisopliae proved lethal to different stages of B. germanica;
albeit, their virulence was highly dependant on the methods of application and
formulations (Davari et al. 2015; Abedi and Dayer 2006).
16.3 Open End Story
Limited use of biocontrol agents for insects of medical importance in Iran could be
generally explained by usually temporary habitats of pests, complexity in setting
their tolerance level like other countries but it has some other domestic restrications
as well. Despite extensive effort in collection and identification of indigenous natural
enemies of medically important vectors so far, progress in the development of
biological control agents for vectors has been hampered due to socioeconomic
factors and authority’s insufficient support. Hard and fast rules for product registration/regulation, low profit margin and turnover discourage stakeholders to invest in
biological control market.
Several biological measures against vector mosquitoes have been exploited in the
country with few being taken for large scale mosquito control. There were a few
parasites and pathogens of mosquito vectors e.g. Romanomermis culicivorax,
L. sphaericus which their efficiency in mosquito control in the past have been
neglected. Further investigation on these agents are of priority. Techniques like
Paratransgenesis and Incompatible Insect Technique have not been implemented
for vector control yet. However, due to the special attention of governmentsectors
and decision makers to environment pollution with chemical insecticides and threat
of extinction of endangered species, increase in biocontrol of pests of medical and
veterinary importance are expected in near future. Various climates and rich biodiversity confers Iran diverse fauna of macrobials and microbials to be used in vector
control. Use of biological control agents against anopheline vectors as a component
of integrated vector management is a promising example to be adapted in control of
other life-threatening vector-borne diseases in the country. All in all, each vector
control program including biological control as integral part has to be done at
regional level; Collective efforts of Iran and bordering countries to prevent outbreaks
is necessary.
Acknowledgement The authors Randy Gaugler for his comments and Javad Karimi for review
and edit the draft. The authors appreciate Seyed-Mohammad Omrani and Ali Reza Chavshin for
sharing their original images and Shokoofeh Kamali for images processing.
592
H. H. Allahverdipour and K. Akbarzadeh
cockroaches’ control. Entomopathogenic fungi of B. bassiana, Lecanicillium
muscarium and M. anisopliae proved lethal to different stages of B. germanica;
albeit, their virulence was highly dependant on the methods of application and
formulations (Davari et al. 2015; Abedi and Dayer 2006).
16.3 Open End Story
Limited use of biocontrol agents for insects of medical importance in Iran could be
generally explained by usually temporary habitats of pests, complexity in setting
their tolerance level like other countries but it has some other domestic restrications
as well. Despite extensive effort in collection and identification of indigenous natural
enemies of medically important vectors so far, progress in the development of
biological control agents for vectors has been hampered due to socioeconomic
factors and authority’s insufficient support. Hard and fast rules for product registration/regulation, low profit margin and turnover discourage stakeholders to invest in
biological control market.
Several biological measures against vector mosquitoes have been exploited in the
country with few being taken for large scale mosquito control. There were a few
parasites and pathogens of mosquito vectors e.g. Romanomermis culicivorax,
L. sphaericus which their efficiency in mosquito control in the past have been
neglected. Further investigation on these agents are of priority. Techniques like
Paratransgenesis and Incompatible Insect Technique have not been implemented
for vector control yet. However, due to the special attention of governmentsectors
and decision makers to environment pollution with chemical insecticides and threat
of extinction of endangered species, increase in biocontrol of pests of medical and
veterinary importance are expected in near future. Various climates and rich biodiversity confers Iran diverse fauna of macrobials and microbials to be used in vector
control. Use of biological control agents against anopheline vectors as a component
of integrated vector management is a promising example to be adapted in control of
other life-threatening vector-borne diseases in the country. All in all, each vector
control program including biological control as integral part has to be done at
regional level; Collective efforts of Iran and bordering countries to prevent outbreaks
is necessary.
Acknowledgement The authors Randy Gaugler for his comments and Javad Karimi for review
and edit the draft. The authors appreciate Seyed-Mohammad Omrani and Ali Reza Chavshin for
sharing their original images and Shokoofeh Kamali for images processing.
592
H. H. Allahverdipour and K. Akbarzadeh