and type III functional responses depending on the age of the predator. Maximum
prey consumption at the highest prey density (128 eggs) was 39.3, 41.7, 39.3 and
38.1 eggs/day on 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of ptredatory mite age, respectively
(Fathipour et al. 2018).
The predatory mite, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes has been reported from many
parts of the world and Iran. Neoseiulus barkeri has an inherent potential for the
control of two-spotted spider mite on cucumber at higher temperatures especially at
temperatures between 30 and 35
C (Jafari et al. 2010). This predator has been used
in the augmentative biological control of T. urticae. The highest intrinsic rate of
increase (r m ) of N. barkeri on T. urticae was 0.256 day
À1 at 30
C. During the
oviposition period, the total prey consumption by N. barkeri increased with increasing temperature from 15 (160.43 preys) to 30
C (286.71 preys) and then declined
and reached to 191.57 preys at 37
C (Jafari et al. 2011). Neoseiulus californicus
(McGregor) as an introduced species in Iran have the high predation potential
particularly on eggs of T. urticae. It has been suggested to control of T. urticae on
cucumber (Farazmand et al. 2012) and on strawberry (Rezaei 2015) in greenhouses.
Neoseiulus californicus had the highest predation potential particularly on eggs
(14.59 per day) of T. urticae (Farazmand et al. 2012). In a recent study, effect of
spirotetramat on the life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus was studies
under laboratory conditions. The result showed that total fecundity of N. californicus
on T. urticae was between 29.45 and 39.46 (offspring/individual) in different
treatments (Sangak Sani Bozhgani et al. 2018). They suggested that spirotetramat
can be introduced as a compatible pesticide alongside the predatory mite,
N. californicus.
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot against T. urticae (red form) on bean induce
the egg retention phenomena in prey in the presence of a predator (Askarieh Yazdi
et al. 2015). Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini and Fanzago) has been reported as
effective biological control agent of T. urticae. The total female prey consumption
was reported 426.98 preys at different life stages of P. plumifer at 25
C (Kouhjani
Gorji et al. 2009).
Typhlodromus bagdasarjani is indigenous and widespread species in Iran. It is
well adapted to high temperatures, therefore they can use against two-spotted spider
mite in greenhouses (Ganjisaffar et al. 2011). The maximum attack rate of
T. bagdasarjani on two spotted spider mite on strawberry was estimated to be
12.56 eggs per 24 h. This predator may be used as an efficient predator for
population management of T. urticae on strawberry in greenhouses (Mortazavi
et al. 2015).
Some of mite predators such as T. bagdasarjani and A. swirskii have been
commercially used for biological control of T. urticae. There are several studies
about their mass rearing on artificial diets. The results of studies showed that
Ephestia kuehniella eggs, cysts of Artemia franciscana and Tyrophagus
putrescentiae is recommendable for mass rearing of T. bagdasarjani and utilizing
on crop as alternative food (Riahi et al. 2018). Also almond pollen can be used to
amplify the experimental and commercial mass rearing programs of this predator and
maize plant can be recommended as banker plants in greenhouses (Riahi et al. 2016).
566
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi
prey consumption at the highest prey density (128 eggs) was 39.3, 41.7, 39.3 and
38.1 eggs/day on 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of ptredatory mite age, respectively
(Fathipour et al. 2018).
The predatory mite, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes has been reported from many
parts of the world and Iran. Neoseiulus barkeri has an inherent potential for the
control of two-spotted spider mite on cucumber at higher temperatures especially at
temperatures between 30 and 35
C (Jafari et al. 2010). This predator has been used
in the augmentative biological control of T. urticae. The highest intrinsic rate of
increase (r m ) of N. barkeri on T. urticae was 0.256 day
À1 at 30
C. During the
oviposition period, the total prey consumption by N. barkeri increased with increasing temperature from 15 (160.43 preys) to 30
C (286.71 preys) and then declined
and reached to 191.57 preys at 37
C (Jafari et al. 2011). Neoseiulus californicus
(McGregor) as an introduced species in Iran have the high predation potential
particularly on eggs of T. urticae. It has been suggested to control of T. urticae on
cucumber (Farazmand et al. 2012) and on strawberry (Rezaei 2015) in greenhouses.
Neoseiulus californicus had the highest predation potential particularly on eggs
(14.59 per day) of T. urticae (Farazmand et al. 2012). In a recent study, effect of
spirotetramat on the life table parameters of Neoseiulus californicus was studies
under laboratory conditions. The result showed that total fecundity of N. californicus
on T. urticae was between 29.45 and 39.46 (offspring/individual) in different
treatments (Sangak Sani Bozhgani et al. 2018). They suggested that spirotetramat
can be introduced as a compatible pesticide alongside the predatory mite,
N. californicus.
Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot against T. urticae (red form) on bean induce
the egg retention phenomena in prey in the presence of a predator (Askarieh Yazdi
et al. 2015). Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini and Fanzago) has been reported as
effective biological control agent of T. urticae. The total female prey consumption
was reported 426.98 preys at different life stages of P. plumifer at 25
C (Kouhjani
Gorji et al. 2009).
Typhlodromus bagdasarjani is indigenous and widespread species in Iran. It is
well adapted to high temperatures, therefore they can use against two-spotted spider
mite in greenhouses (Ganjisaffar et al. 2011). The maximum attack rate of
T. bagdasarjani on two spotted spider mite on strawberry was estimated to be
12.56 eggs per 24 h. This predator may be used as an efficient predator for
population management of T. urticae on strawberry in greenhouses (Mortazavi
et al. 2015).
Some of mite predators such as T. bagdasarjani and A. swirskii have been
commercially used for biological control of T. urticae. There are several studies
about their mass rearing on artificial diets. The results of studies showed that
Ephestia kuehniella eggs, cysts of Artemia franciscana and Tyrophagus
putrescentiae is recommendable for mass rearing of T. bagdasarjani and utilizing
on crop as alternative food (Riahi et al. 2018). Also almond pollen can be used to
amplify the experimental and commercial mass rearing programs of this predator and
maize plant can be recommended as banker plants in greenhouses (Riahi et al. 2016).
566
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi