suggested that due to the larger size and greater energy requirements to produce
eggs, predator females have the highest feeding rate. Oviposition rate of
N. pseudoferus by feeding on eggs and 1st instar larvae of tomato leaf miner was
54.4 and 127.85 eggs per female which were differed significantly (Mahdavi and
Madadi 2015).
15.4.4.2 Parasitoids
Three eulophid parasitoid species including Diglyphus isaea (Walker),
Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi Erdos and Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood)
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are common parasitoid of L. sativae larvae on cucumber
greenhouse. Diglyphus isaea was reported as most important and common parasitoid
of L. sativae on cucumber in greenhouses in Iran (Asadi et al. 2006; Fathipour et al.
2006; Haghani et al. 2007; Dashtbani et al. 2013). The activity of this parasitoid was
increased following the increase of ambient temperature and host population
(Dashtbani et al. 2013). Parasitism of L. sativae on cucumber was found to reach
39% with D. isaea as the most common species in Iran in unsprayed greenhouses
(Fathipour et al. 2006).
In addition to above mentioned three parasitoid species, Cirrospilus vittatus
Walker and Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are effective
parasitoid wasps on L. satiave and L. trifolii on different host plants, in particular on
cucumber (Asadi et al. 2006). Some species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) as the egg parasitoids, are potential candidates for biologocal
control of T. absoluta. The efficiency of some Trichogramma species includes
T. brassicae Bezdenko (Baboulsar strain), T. evanescens Westwood, T. principium
Sugonjaev and Sorokina and T. pintoi Voegele are investigated against T. absoluta
on tomato, the highest parasitism rate achieved as 47.5 Æ 0.85% for T. brassicae
(Ahmadipour et al. 2015).
15.4.5 Biological Control of Mites
Predatory insects and mites are the only effective natural enemies of spider mites
(Tetranychidae). There are many species of predatory mites that used successfuly to
control of spider mites. Several species of the family Phytoseiidae are the most
efficient predators of pest mites and commonly used to control of spider mites.
15.4.5.1 Predators
Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot is known as a very efficient biological
control agent of several species of spider mites (Helle and Sabelis 1985; Maleknia
et al. 2016b). Fathipour et al. (2018) revealed that P. persimilis can show both type II
15 Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran
565
eggs, predator females have the highest feeding rate. Oviposition rate of
N. pseudoferus by feeding on eggs and 1st instar larvae of tomato leaf miner was
54.4 and 127.85 eggs per female which were differed significantly (Mahdavi and
Madadi 2015).
15.4.4.2 Parasitoids
Three eulophid parasitoid species including Diglyphus isaea (Walker),
Hemiptarsenus zilahisebessi Erdos and Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood)
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are common parasitoid of L. sativae larvae on cucumber
greenhouse. Diglyphus isaea was reported as most important and common parasitoid
of L. sativae on cucumber in greenhouses in Iran (Asadi et al. 2006; Fathipour et al.
2006; Haghani et al. 2007; Dashtbani et al. 2013). The activity of this parasitoid was
increased following the increase of ambient temperature and host population
(Dashtbani et al. 2013). Parasitism of L. sativae on cucumber was found to reach
39% with D. isaea as the most common species in Iran in unsprayed greenhouses
(Fathipour et al. 2006).
In addition to above mentioned three parasitoid species, Cirrospilus vittatus
Walker and Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are effective
parasitoid wasps on L. satiave and L. trifolii on different host plants, in particular on
cucumber (Asadi et al. 2006). Some species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) as the egg parasitoids, are potential candidates for biologocal
control of T. absoluta. The efficiency of some Trichogramma species includes
T. brassicae Bezdenko (Baboulsar strain), T. evanescens Westwood, T. principium
Sugonjaev and Sorokina and T. pintoi Voegele are investigated against T. absoluta
on tomato, the highest parasitism rate achieved as 47.5 Æ 0.85% for T. brassicae
(Ahmadipour et al. 2015).
15.4.5 Biological Control of Mites
Predatory insects and mites are the only effective natural enemies of spider mites
(Tetranychidae). There are many species of predatory mites that used successfuly to
control of spider mites. Several species of the family Phytoseiidae are the most
efficient predators of pest mites and commonly used to control of spider mites.
15.4.5.1 Predators
Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot is known as a very efficient biological
control agent of several species of spider mites (Helle and Sabelis 1985; Maleknia
et al. 2016b). Fathipour et al. (2018) revealed that P. persimilis can show both type II
15 Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran
565