15.3.4 Leaf Miners
Several species of leafminers include vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae
Blanchard and serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera:
Agromyzidae) attack greenhouse crops. Both larvae and adults damage the host
plants. The larvae feed on leaf mesophyl and reduce chlorophyll content, which it
result to decrease photosynthesis (Parrella 1983). The adults also damage the leaves
by puncturing them for feeding and oviposition (Parrella and Keil 1985). Infested
leaves are favorable habitats for invading bacterial and fungal plant pathogens
(Capinera 2001). Yield losses, in general, can be considerable (Waterhouse and
Norris 1987).
Liriomyza sativae has seriously damages on tomato (Baniameri et al. 2012) and
cucumber (Asadi et al. 2006; Fathipour et al. 2006; Haghani et al. 2006; AsghariTabari et al. 2009; Haghani et al. 2007; Tavanapour et al. 2009; Basij et al. 2011;
Namvar et al. 2011; Dashtbani et al. 2013). Effect of temperature (10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35 and 40
C) on life table parameters of L. sativae on cucumber, Negin variety
revealed that the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) and net reproductive rate (R 0 )
were significantly higher at 25
C (0.196 day
À1 and 52.452 females/female/generation time, respectively) (Haghani et al. 2006). Among greenhouse crops, tomato
(Baniameri and Cheraghian 2012) and bean (Askari Saryazdi et al. 2012) are
reported as the most important host plants for L. trifolii.
The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has
been introduced into Iran in 2010 (Baniameri and Cheraghian 2012). Larvae of
T. absoluta mine the leaves, flowers, shoots, and fruit of tomato (Pastrana 2004).
After hatching, larvae penetrate apical buds, flowers, new fruit, leaves or stems.
Conspicuous irregular mines and galleries, as well as dark feces of larvae, make
infestations relatively easy to spot. Fruits can be attacked soon after they have
formed, and the galleries made by the larvae can be colonized by pathogens that
cause fruit rot. The damage caused by this pest is severe, especially in young plants
(Vargas 1970). Tuta absoluta is one of the economic pests of tomato (Hashemi
Tasuji et al. 2014; Javadi Khederi et al. 2014; Sohrabi et al. 2014; Ahmadipour et al.
2015; Dehghani et al. 2015; Nemati et al. 2015; Rostami et al. 2015; Sharifian et al.
2015; Tamoli Torfi et al. 2016), but also attacks eggplant (Hashemi Tasuji et al.
2014; Tamoli Torfi et al. 2016) and pepper (Hashemi Tasuji et al. 2014) in greenhouses in Iran. High temperature (above 25
C) has a negative effect on the
biological parameters of tomato leaf miner moths (Gharekhani et al. 2014). The
mean number of larvae varied significantly on different host plants. The highest
number of larvae was determined on tomato (26.33 Æ 4.48) and the lowest on the
pepper plant (1.33 Æ 0.88) (Hashemi Tasuji et al. 2014).
15 Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran
557
Several species of leafminers include vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae
Blanchard and serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera:
Agromyzidae) attack greenhouse crops. Both larvae and adults damage the host
plants. The larvae feed on leaf mesophyl and reduce chlorophyll content, which it
result to decrease photosynthesis (Parrella 1983). The adults also damage the leaves
by puncturing them for feeding and oviposition (Parrella and Keil 1985). Infested
leaves are favorable habitats for invading bacterial and fungal plant pathogens
(Capinera 2001). Yield losses, in general, can be considerable (Waterhouse and
Norris 1987).
Liriomyza sativae has seriously damages on tomato (Baniameri et al. 2012) and
cucumber (Asadi et al. 2006; Fathipour et al. 2006; Haghani et al. 2006; AsghariTabari et al. 2009; Haghani et al. 2007; Tavanapour et al. 2009; Basij et al. 2011;
Namvar et al. 2011; Dashtbani et al. 2013). Effect of temperature (10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35 and 40
C) on life table parameters of L. sativae on cucumber, Negin variety
revealed that the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) and net reproductive rate (R 0 )
were significantly higher at 25
C (0.196 day
À1 and 52.452 females/female/generation time, respectively) (Haghani et al. 2006). Among greenhouse crops, tomato
(Baniameri and Cheraghian 2012) and bean (Askari Saryazdi et al. 2012) are
reported as the most important host plants for L. trifolii.
The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has
been introduced into Iran in 2010 (Baniameri and Cheraghian 2012). Larvae of
T. absoluta mine the leaves, flowers, shoots, and fruit of tomato (Pastrana 2004).
After hatching, larvae penetrate apical buds, flowers, new fruit, leaves or stems.
Conspicuous irregular mines and galleries, as well as dark feces of larvae, make
infestations relatively easy to spot. Fruits can be attacked soon after they have
formed, and the galleries made by the larvae can be colonized by pathogens that
cause fruit rot. The damage caused by this pest is severe, especially in young plants
(Vargas 1970). Tuta absoluta is one of the economic pests of tomato (Hashemi
Tasuji et al. 2014; Javadi Khederi et al. 2014; Sohrabi et al. 2014; Ahmadipour et al.
2015; Dehghani et al. 2015; Nemati et al. 2015; Rostami et al. 2015; Sharifian et al.
2015; Tamoli Torfi et al. 2016), but also attacks eggplant (Hashemi Tasuji et al.
2014; Tamoli Torfi et al. 2016) and pepper (Hashemi Tasuji et al. 2014) in greenhouses in Iran. High temperature (above 25
C) has a negative effect on the
biological parameters of tomato leaf miner moths (Gharekhani et al. 2014). The
mean number of larvae varied significantly on different host plants. The highest
number of larvae was determined on tomato (26.33 Æ 4.48) and the lowest on the
pepper plant (1.33 Æ 0.88) (Hashemi Tasuji et al. 2014).
15 Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran
557