15.3.5 Mites
Two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a very
destructive pest of many crops in greenhouses around the world. This mite attacks
almost all greenhouse crops and cause damage by sucking plant juices. Spider mites
remove chlorophyll from plant cells and reduce photosynthesis. This damage produces the characteristic stippling or mottling of foliage and sometimes causes leaf
drop (Abdel-Wali 2013). When populations of this pest are low, the mites prefer to
attack the underside of mature leaves, but they may move upward of leaves even on
fruits when populations increase. In severe infestations, the plants may be covered
with webbing, which is why they are referred to as spider mites. Feeding and silk
production of this mite affects the quality and quantity of crop yield (Zhang 2003).
Tetranychus urticae has been considered as a major pest on cucumber (Kheradpir
et al. 2006, 2009; Jafari et al. 2012; Shoorooei et al. 2012; Motahari et al. 2014;
Maleknia et al. 2016a), bean (Hamedi et al. 2010; Ganjisaffar et al. 2011; Kouhjani
Gorji et al. 2012; Modarres Najafabadi 2012; Motazedian et al. 2012), tomato
(Kheradpir et al. 2009; Saeidi et al. 2012), eggplant (Khanjani 2005; Kheradpir
et al. 2006, 2009; Khanamani et al. 2013), strawberry (Rezaei et al. 2013; Mortazavi
et al. 2015), pepper (Kheradpir et al. 2009) and rose (Bidarnamani et al. 2015). The
estimated intrinsic rate of increase of this mite on 12 greenhouse cucumber cultivars
(Royal, Amitral, Ariya, Sultan, Vida, Bahman, Storm, Nasim, Negin, PS-29, Tornado and Caspian) ranged from 0.249 day
À1 (on Caspian) to 0.331 day
À1 (on Vida)
(Maleknia et al. 2016a). The total fecundity of T. urticae varied from 82.45 to 142.05
eggs on five bean genotype (Modarres Najafabadi 2012). The positive relation exists
between the density of glandular trichomes on different cultivars of tomato and their
resistance to the two spotted spider mite (Saeidi et al. 2012). The intrinsic rate of
increase of T. urticae on different cultivars of eggplant (Isfahan, Dezful, ShendAbad, Neishabour, Bandar-Abbas, Jahrom and Borazjan) varied from 0.022 day
À1
on Neishabour to 0.157 day
À1 on Isfahan (Khanamani et al. 2013). A comparative
study on the life table parameters of T. urticae on seven strawberry cultivars (Marak,
Yalova, Aliso, Gaviota, Sequoia, Camarosa and Chandler) revealed that the higher
intrinsic rate of increase found on Chandler (0.28 day
À1
), that may be due to the
higher nutritional quality and low density of trichomes (Rezaei et al. 2013).
The strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov and Nikolskii)
(Acari: Tetranichidae) are reported as an important pest of greenhouse cucumber
(Mohammadi et al. 2015) and eggplant in Iran (Soleimannejadian et al. 2006). The
life table parameters of this mite were studied on six greenhouse cucumber cultivars
(Puia, Hedieh, Milad Jadid, Milad Ghadim, Khasib and Negin). The result showed
that the highest total fecundity was observed on the Hedieh cultivar (29.784 eggs/
female) and the lowest on the Puia cultivar (15.773 egg/ female). Moreover,
T. turkestani gross hatching rate on the six cucumber cultivars differed significantly,
varying from 0.18 on Negin to 0.48 on Hedieh (Mohammadi et al. 2015).
The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) has
also been reported on tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers and strawberries, in Iran,
558
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi
Two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a very
destructive pest of many crops in greenhouses around the world. This mite attacks
almost all greenhouse crops and cause damage by sucking plant juices. Spider mites
remove chlorophyll from plant cells and reduce photosynthesis. This damage produces the characteristic stippling or mottling of foliage and sometimes causes leaf
drop (Abdel-Wali 2013). When populations of this pest are low, the mites prefer to
attack the underside of mature leaves, but they may move upward of leaves even on
fruits when populations increase. In severe infestations, the plants may be covered
with webbing, which is why they are referred to as spider mites. Feeding and silk
production of this mite affects the quality and quantity of crop yield (Zhang 2003).
Tetranychus urticae has been considered as a major pest on cucumber (Kheradpir
et al. 2006, 2009; Jafari et al. 2012; Shoorooei et al. 2012; Motahari et al. 2014;
Maleknia et al. 2016a), bean (Hamedi et al. 2010; Ganjisaffar et al. 2011; Kouhjani
Gorji et al. 2012; Modarres Najafabadi 2012; Motazedian et al. 2012), tomato
(Kheradpir et al. 2009; Saeidi et al. 2012), eggplant (Khanjani 2005; Kheradpir
et al. 2006, 2009; Khanamani et al. 2013), strawberry (Rezaei et al. 2013; Mortazavi
et al. 2015), pepper (Kheradpir et al. 2009) and rose (Bidarnamani et al. 2015). The
estimated intrinsic rate of increase of this mite on 12 greenhouse cucumber cultivars
(Royal, Amitral, Ariya, Sultan, Vida, Bahman, Storm, Nasim, Negin, PS-29, Tornado and Caspian) ranged from 0.249 day
À1 (on Caspian) to 0.331 day
À1 (on Vida)
(Maleknia et al. 2016a). The total fecundity of T. urticae varied from 82.45 to 142.05
eggs on five bean genotype (Modarres Najafabadi 2012). The positive relation exists
between the density of glandular trichomes on different cultivars of tomato and their
resistance to the two spotted spider mite (Saeidi et al. 2012). The intrinsic rate of
increase of T. urticae on different cultivars of eggplant (Isfahan, Dezful, ShendAbad, Neishabour, Bandar-Abbas, Jahrom and Borazjan) varied from 0.022 day
À1
on Neishabour to 0.157 day
À1 on Isfahan (Khanamani et al. 2013). A comparative
study on the life table parameters of T. urticae on seven strawberry cultivars (Marak,
Yalova, Aliso, Gaviota, Sequoia, Camarosa and Chandler) revealed that the higher
intrinsic rate of increase found on Chandler (0.28 day
À1
), that may be due to the
higher nutritional quality and low density of trichomes (Rezaei et al. 2013).
The strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov and Nikolskii)
(Acari: Tetranichidae) are reported as an important pest of greenhouse cucumber
(Mohammadi et al. 2015) and eggplant in Iran (Soleimannejadian et al. 2006). The
life table parameters of this mite were studied on six greenhouse cucumber cultivars
(Puia, Hedieh, Milad Jadid, Milad Ghadim, Khasib and Negin). The result showed
that the highest total fecundity was observed on the Hedieh cultivar (29.784 eggs/
female) and the lowest on the Puia cultivar (15.773 egg/ female). Moreover,
T. turkestani gross hatching rate on the six cucumber cultivars differed significantly,
varying from 0.18 on Negin to 0.48 on Hedieh (Mohammadi et al. 2015).
The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) has
also been reported on tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers and strawberries, in Iran,
558
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi