The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and sweet
potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are the
most common whitefly species found in greenhouses in Iran. These pests can
cause a high rate of economic losses on host plants.
Trialeurodes vaporariorum is the most harmful pest of a wide range of greenhouse crops specifically cucumber (Dehghani and Ahmadi 2013; Pirmoradi
Amozegarfard et al. 2013; Amiri et al. 2014; Mirzamohammadzadeh et al. 2014),
tomato (Ebrahimifar et al. 2015) and gerbera (Seddigh and Kiani 2012). Cucumber is
the main host plants for T. vaporariorum and the highest and lowest total fecundity
of this pest was 203.82 and 132.26 eggs on cucumber cultivars Royal Sluis and
Soltan, respectively. Also, the mortality rate of this pest in pre-immaginal period was
reported low (maximum 7%) (Mirzamohammadzadeh et al. 2014). Cucumber
(Baniameri and Sheikhi 2006; Yarahmadi et al. 2013) and tomato (Samareh Fekri
et al. 2013; Jafarbeigi et al. 2014) are also reported as the most important host plants
for B. tabaci in greenhouses in Iran.
15.3.3 Thrips
Some species of thrips are serious pests on greenhouse crops in the world and Iran.
They can directly damage to its host plant through the feeding on cell sap and
indirectly through the transmission of harmful plant viruses such as tomato spotted
wilt virus (TSWV), iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus
(INSV) (Kirk 2001; Doi et al. 2003; Ghotbi and Baniameri 2006; Thungrabeab et al.
2006). Damages by thrips on host plant decrease production marketable and also
they can result in significant yield losses (Mahr et al. 2001). Control of thrips is
difficult because they have a small size and commonly hide in flowers, buds and leaf
axils.
Two species of thrips include western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are
the most dangerous species in greenhouses in Iran.
Frankliniella occidentalis was first detected in Iran in 2004 (Jalili Moghadam and
Azmayeshfard 2004). It is a major pest of cucumber (Eshrati et al. 2014; Gholami
et al. 2015), strawberry (Kiani et al. 2012; Golmohammadi and Mohammadipour
2015), green bean (Koupi et al. 2016), saintpaulias, gerbera and anthurium (Jalili
Moghadam and Azmayeshfard 2004) in Iran. Intrinsic rate of increase (r m ), gross
reproductive rate and net reproductive rate of F. occidentalis on cucumber, Viola
variety were calculated 0.1902 Æ 0.008 day
À1 , 170.02 and 48.96 females/female/
generation, respectively (Eshrati et al. 2014). Damages by T. tabaci on greenhouse
cucumber (Modarres Awal 2001; Pourian et al. 2009; Rajabpour et al. 2011; Jafari
et al. 2013) are important economically. Also, this pest causes a serious damage on
cut flower products especially carnation, gladiolus, chrysanthemum and tuberose in
the greenhouse in Iran (Hosseininia and Malkeshi 2009).
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Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi
potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are the
most common whitefly species found in greenhouses in Iran. These pests can
cause a high rate of economic losses on host plants.
Trialeurodes vaporariorum is the most harmful pest of a wide range of greenhouse crops specifically cucumber (Dehghani and Ahmadi 2013; Pirmoradi
Amozegarfard et al. 2013; Amiri et al. 2014; Mirzamohammadzadeh et al. 2014),
tomato (Ebrahimifar et al. 2015) and gerbera (Seddigh and Kiani 2012). Cucumber is
the main host plants for T. vaporariorum and the highest and lowest total fecundity
of this pest was 203.82 and 132.26 eggs on cucumber cultivars Royal Sluis and
Soltan, respectively. Also, the mortality rate of this pest in pre-immaginal period was
reported low (maximum 7%) (Mirzamohammadzadeh et al. 2014). Cucumber
(Baniameri and Sheikhi 2006; Yarahmadi et al. 2013) and tomato (Samareh Fekri
et al. 2013; Jafarbeigi et al. 2014) are also reported as the most important host plants
for B. tabaci in greenhouses in Iran.
15.3.3 Thrips
Some species of thrips are serious pests on greenhouse crops in the world and Iran.
They can directly damage to its host plant through the feeding on cell sap and
indirectly through the transmission of harmful plant viruses such as tomato spotted
wilt virus (TSWV), iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus
(INSV) (Kirk 2001; Doi et al. 2003; Ghotbi and Baniameri 2006; Thungrabeab et al.
2006). Damages by thrips on host plant decrease production marketable and also
they can result in significant yield losses (Mahr et al. 2001). Control of thrips is
difficult because they have a small size and commonly hide in flowers, buds and leaf
axils.
Two species of thrips include western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are
the most dangerous species in greenhouses in Iran.
Frankliniella occidentalis was first detected in Iran in 2004 (Jalili Moghadam and
Azmayeshfard 2004). It is a major pest of cucumber (Eshrati et al. 2014; Gholami
et al. 2015), strawberry (Kiani et al. 2012; Golmohammadi and Mohammadipour
2015), green bean (Koupi et al. 2016), saintpaulias, gerbera and anthurium (Jalili
Moghadam and Azmayeshfard 2004) in Iran. Intrinsic rate of increase (r m ), gross
reproductive rate and net reproductive rate of F. occidentalis on cucumber, Viola
variety were calculated 0.1902 Æ 0.008 day
À1 , 170.02 and 48.96 females/female/
generation, respectively (Eshrati et al. 2014). Damages by T. tabaci on greenhouse
cucumber (Modarres Awal 2001; Pourian et al. 2009; Rajabpour et al. 2011; Jafari
et al. 2013) are important economically. Also, this pest causes a serious damage on
cut flower products especially carnation, gladiolus, chrysanthemum and tuberose in
the greenhouse in Iran (Hosseininia and Malkeshi 2009).
556
Z. Tazerouni and A. A. Talebi