demographic parameters have been studied in different cases (Aleosfoor et al. 2004;
Shojaei et al. 2006a; Abdi Bastami et al. 2011; Alikhani et al. 2013b; Baradaran et al.
2016a). Quite expectedly, honey and honey solution had a very positive effect on the
fecundity of H. hebetor (Shojaei et al. 2006a). Additionally, an interesting issue about
the rearing of H. hebetor is that the mass rearing efficiency of H. hebetor was greatest
under the white light than natural light (Aleosfoor et al. 2004). Tritrophic studies of
H. hebetor and its hosts have also been considered commonly (Dehghani et al. 2016).
For instance, the effect of susceptible and resistant tomato cultivars on the life history
of H. hebetor showed the possible compatibility of using resistant tomato to Tuta
absoulta and H. hebetor (Heidari et al. 2016). As another tritrophic case, the effect of
different flour composition and types as a diet for Mediterranean flour moth on the life
history of H. hebetor considered (Mehdi Nasab et al. 2014; Mostafazadeh and
Mehrkhou 2016a). Karimzadeh et al. (2016a, b) also studied the influence of rearing
on flour moth different instars and consecutive rearing on some biological parameters
of H. hebetor. They showed those fifth instar larvae were the best stages in terms of
parasitism rate, adult longevity and fecundity (Karimzadeh et al. 2016a, b). The effect
of pollen was investigated and it has been cleared that almond pollen increases the
finite rate of increase (λ) and birth rate (b) of H. hebetor (Hadidi et al. 2018). Recently,
some studies about the suitability of different host larvae e.g. greater wax moth
(Galleria melonella (L.)) and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) for rearing of
H. hebetor through demographic parameters have been carried on at laboratory
scale (Forouzan et al. 2008, 2009; Dastmalchi et al. 2017). Furthermore, the temperature range 25–32
C and more specifically 30
C was the best rearing temperature in
terms of the intrinsic rate of increase and other demographical parameters (Forouzan
et al. 2008, 2009; Alikhani et al. 2013b). Those results are in line with other similar
studies which stated that 100% of eggs hatched at 30
C (Shojaei et al. 2006b). In a
related study, 25 and 30
C were reported as suitable temperatures for H. hebetor
reproduction (Alikhani et al. 2013a, 2013b); however, in earlier documents, the
25–28
C and 60–70% relative humidity have been reported as the optimum condition for H. hebetor reproduction and rearing (Daniali 1993).
Host density influences on life table parameters of H. hebetor and investigated
that intrinsic rate of the increase was not significantly influenced by different host
densities. However, the highest parasitism rate was recorded at the lowest host
density (Atrchian et al. 2018). The effect of temperature on the life table showed
that the highest fecundity of H. hebetor has been recorded at 20
C (Saadat et al.
2012b). Besides, the presence of males increased female sex ratio and the number of
eggs produced (Saadat et al. 2012c). Also, rearing duration influenced life table
parameters and fitness of H. hebetor and this issue should be considered in
insectarium where long-term rearing of this species has been carried on (Baradaran
et al. 2016a, b, 2017).
Moreover, the importance of sugar properties as a supplement on longevity and
fecundity of H. hebetor has been demonstrated (Yazdanian and Khabbaz Saber
2013; Yazdanian et al. 2014; Khabbaz Saber et al. 2010), e.g. it has been proved
that higher glucose concentration significantly affected on mean longevity of
H. hebetor females (Khabbaz Saber et al. 2010).
266
H. Lotfalizadeh and A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi
Shojaei et al. 2006a; Abdi Bastami et al. 2011; Alikhani et al. 2013b; Baradaran et al.
2016a). Quite expectedly, honey and honey solution had a very positive effect on the
fecundity of H. hebetor (Shojaei et al. 2006a). Additionally, an interesting issue about
the rearing of H. hebetor is that the mass rearing efficiency of H. hebetor was greatest
under the white light than natural light (Aleosfoor et al. 2004). Tritrophic studies of
H. hebetor and its hosts have also been considered commonly (Dehghani et al. 2016).
For instance, the effect of susceptible and resistant tomato cultivars on the life history
of H. hebetor showed the possible compatibility of using resistant tomato to Tuta
absoulta and H. hebetor (Heidari et al. 2016). As another tritrophic case, the effect of
different flour composition and types as a diet for Mediterranean flour moth on the life
history of H. hebetor considered (Mehdi Nasab et al. 2014; Mostafazadeh and
Mehrkhou 2016a). Karimzadeh et al. (2016a, b) also studied the influence of rearing
on flour moth different instars and consecutive rearing on some biological parameters
of H. hebetor. They showed those fifth instar larvae were the best stages in terms of
parasitism rate, adult longevity and fecundity (Karimzadeh et al. 2016a, b). The effect
of pollen was investigated and it has been cleared that almond pollen increases the
finite rate of increase (λ) and birth rate (b) of H. hebetor (Hadidi et al. 2018). Recently,
some studies about the suitability of different host larvae e.g. greater wax moth
(Galleria melonella (L.)) and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) for rearing of
H. hebetor through demographic parameters have been carried on at laboratory
scale (Forouzan et al. 2008, 2009; Dastmalchi et al. 2017). Furthermore, the temperature range 25–32
C and more specifically 30
C was the best rearing temperature in
terms of the intrinsic rate of increase and other demographical parameters (Forouzan
et al. 2008, 2009; Alikhani et al. 2013b). Those results are in line with other similar
studies which stated that 100% of eggs hatched at 30
C (Shojaei et al. 2006b). In a
related study, 25 and 30
C were reported as suitable temperatures for H. hebetor
reproduction (Alikhani et al. 2013a, 2013b); however, in earlier documents, the
25–28
C and 60–70% relative humidity have been reported as the optimum condition for H. hebetor reproduction and rearing (Daniali 1993).
Host density influences on life table parameters of H. hebetor and investigated
that intrinsic rate of the increase was not significantly influenced by different host
densities. However, the highest parasitism rate was recorded at the lowest host
density (Atrchian et al. 2018). The effect of temperature on the life table showed
that the highest fecundity of H. hebetor has been recorded at 20
C (Saadat et al.
2012b). Besides, the presence of males increased female sex ratio and the number of
eggs produced (Saadat et al. 2012c). Also, rearing duration influenced life table
parameters and fitness of H. hebetor and this issue should be considered in
insectarium where long-term rearing of this species has been carried on (Baradaran
et al. 2016a, b, 2017).
Moreover, the importance of sugar properties as a supplement on longevity and
fecundity of H. hebetor has been demonstrated (Yazdanian and Khabbaz Saber
2013; Yazdanian et al. 2014; Khabbaz Saber et al. 2010), e.g. it has been proved
that higher glucose concentration significantly affected on mean longevity of
H. hebetor females (Khabbaz Saber et al. 2010).
266
H. Lotfalizadeh and A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi