moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) (Mostaghimi et al. 2010) and greater wax moth
(Vaez and Pourgoli 2016). According to b constant, H. hebetor females preferred the
flour moth. Although, type II response has been recorded for H. hebetor under
different cold storage duration and it has been recorded that cold storage at 4
C
did not reduce the efficiency of H. hebetor significantly (Abedi et al. 2016). The type
of host larvae affects on type of functional response and H. hebetor exhibits type II
functional response when cotton bollworm offered (Vaez and Pourgoli 2016).
Besides, the functional response parameters of H. hebetor could be influenced by
the type of flour used for the rearing of larvae and accordingly, the best flour type for
rearing H. hebetor provides from corn (Mostafazadeh and Mehrkhou 2016b). The
temperature has been considered as another influential factor in the functional
response type and parameters of H. hebetor (Alikhani et al. 2010). Additionally,
different insecticides and chemicals may change the type of functional response or
its parameters (Faal-MohamadAli et al. 2010a). Sublethal doses of some insecticides
can affect on functional response parameters of H. hebetor adversely (Rafiee
Dastjerdi et al. 2008b). According to functional response parameters, it has been
reported that pyriproxyfen was less toxic rather than phozalone and it might be
possible to use it with this biocontrol agent jointly (Rashidi et al. 2016).
The effect of host larvae density on the parasitism rate of H. hebetor showed that
the parasitism rate varies according to host density and quality and this issue could
be more considered in the mass rearing of H. hebetor (Mostaghimi et al. 2012;
Saadat et al. 2012a). It has been shown that the parasitism rate of H. hebetor
significantly influenced by the parasitoid population (Saadat et al. 2012d). Scarcely,
the parasitism rate of H. hebetor under real filed conditions has been estimated, but
in one rare case, the parasitism rate of this species on Helicoverpa armigera and
Spodoptera exigua on different tomato cultivars was not significantly different and
ranged from 25% to 49% maximally (Salehipour et al. 2017). Moreover, it has been
estimated that maximally 48% of late instars larvae of legume pod borer Heliothis
viriplaca parasitized by H. hebetor (Adldoost 2010). One of the other gaps in
Habrobracon- related studies in Iran is the researches on optimization mass rearing.
There are few documents about how it is possible to improve the efficiency of
rearing through modification and amendment of the rearing system according to
Iran’s conditions (Musavi et al. 2018). The results about the number of eggs,
dispersion ability and economic of rearing showed that the Aquarium method was
superior to other methods used to produce H. hebetor (Musavi et al. 2018).
Mousapour et al. (2015) showed that under short-term cold storage of this parasitoid
the biological parameters did not significantly influence, therefore, it is possible to
store females under temporary cold temperatures. The same is true and it has been
shown that 48 hours of cold storage of adults had a negative effect on the mean
number of egg production and sex ratio (Moody et al. 2004). Although, cold storage
of H. hebetor’s pupae and adults up to 1 and 2 weeks respectively did not have a
negative effect on the reproductive performance of H. hebetor (Dastmalchi et al.
2018a, 2018b).
Life table studies of H. hebetor are fairly common and the effect of different diets,
supplements, physical conditions, different populations and even rearing duration on
7 Parasitic Wasps: Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea
265
(Vaez and Pourgoli 2016). According to b constant, H. hebetor females preferred the
flour moth. Although, type II response has been recorded for H. hebetor under
different cold storage duration and it has been recorded that cold storage at 4
C
did not reduce the efficiency of H. hebetor significantly (Abedi et al. 2016). The type
of host larvae affects on type of functional response and H. hebetor exhibits type II
functional response when cotton bollworm offered (Vaez and Pourgoli 2016).
Besides, the functional response parameters of H. hebetor could be influenced by
the type of flour used for the rearing of larvae and accordingly, the best flour type for
rearing H. hebetor provides from corn (Mostafazadeh and Mehrkhou 2016b). The
temperature has been considered as another influential factor in the functional
response type and parameters of H. hebetor (Alikhani et al. 2010). Additionally,
different insecticides and chemicals may change the type of functional response or
its parameters (Faal-MohamadAli et al. 2010a). Sublethal doses of some insecticides
can affect on functional response parameters of H. hebetor adversely (Rafiee
Dastjerdi et al. 2008b). According to functional response parameters, it has been
reported that pyriproxyfen was less toxic rather than phozalone and it might be
possible to use it with this biocontrol agent jointly (Rashidi et al. 2016).
The effect of host larvae density on the parasitism rate of H. hebetor showed that
the parasitism rate varies according to host density and quality and this issue could
be more considered in the mass rearing of H. hebetor (Mostaghimi et al. 2012;
Saadat et al. 2012a). It has been shown that the parasitism rate of H. hebetor
significantly influenced by the parasitoid population (Saadat et al. 2012d). Scarcely,
the parasitism rate of H. hebetor under real filed conditions has been estimated, but
in one rare case, the parasitism rate of this species on Helicoverpa armigera and
Spodoptera exigua on different tomato cultivars was not significantly different and
ranged from 25% to 49% maximally (Salehipour et al. 2017). Moreover, it has been
estimated that maximally 48% of late instars larvae of legume pod borer Heliothis
viriplaca parasitized by H. hebetor (Adldoost 2010). One of the other gaps in
Habrobracon- related studies in Iran is the researches on optimization mass rearing.
There are few documents about how it is possible to improve the efficiency of
rearing through modification and amendment of the rearing system according to
Iran’s conditions (Musavi et al. 2018). The results about the number of eggs,
dispersion ability and economic of rearing showed that the Aquarium method was
superior to other methods used to produce H. hebetor (Musavi et al. 2018).
Mousapour et al. (2015) showed that under short-term cold storage of this parasitoid
the biological parameters did not significantly influence, therefore, it is possible to
store females under temporary cold temperatures. The same is true and it has been
shown that 48 hours of cold storage of adults had a negative effect on the mean
number of egg production and sex ratio (Moody et al. 2004). Although, cold storage
of H. hebetor’s pupae and adults up to 1 and 2 weeks respectively did not have a
negative effect on the reproductive performance of H. hebetor (Dastmalchi et al.
2018a, 2018b).
Life table studies of H. hebetor are fairly common and the effect of different diets,
supplements, physical conditions, different populations and even rearing duration on
7 Parasitic Wasps: Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea
265