Similar to other biocontrol agents, H. hebetor could be influenced by bottom-up
forces, which might be influence on parasitism rate and other biological characters.
For instance, it has been shown that resistant cultivars to tomato leafminer could be
used with H. hebetor simultaneously in terms of parasitism rate (Heidari et al. 2018).
The effect of host plant quality on life history and efficiency of natural enemies has
been documented in many cases. In a tritrophic study, it has been demonstrated that
there is a positive correlation between fecundity and longevity of H. hebetor with
increasing nitrogen fertilizers used in greenhouse tomato infested by tomato fruit
worm (Gharekhani 2018). The effect of ectosymbiont Wolbachia sp. demonstrated
that occurrence of this bacterium in H. hebetor contributed to sexual reproduction
and increases sex ratio in favour of females (Bagheri et al. 2017b; Nasehi et al.
2018), but crosses which females voided this symbiont therein, produced male
progenies (Bagheri et al. 2017a). This effects and consequently increases the transferring probability of this bacterium to the next generation (Bagheri et al. 2017b).
Furthermore, many demographic toxicological studies have been conducted to
evaluate the adverse effects of different classes of insecticides on H. hebetor life
history. The interesting point is that there are great variations in obtained results
e.g. some researchers addressed imidaclopride as a safe compound quietly compatible in IPM programs (Mahdavi et al. 2010) while at the same time, others indicated
that it has a serious adverse effect on age parameters or functional response of
H. hebetor (Sarmadi et al. 2010). In one of those bioassays, it has been shown that
some insecticides e.g. indoxacarb, fenpropathrin and hexaflumuron sound to be less
toxic to H. hebetor and thus could be used in an IPM program (Rafiee Dastjerdi et al.
2008a; Sarmadi et al. 2010; Faal-MohamadAli et al. 2010b). Additionally, it has
been demonstrated that sublethal effect of flufenoxuron for H. hebetor was less toxic
than lufenuron in terms of tintrinsic rate of increase (Shishebor and Faal
Mohammadali 2012), Although Rezaei et al. (2014a) showed that flufenoxuhe ron
and diflubenzuron significantly influenced on life table parameters of H. hebetor
comparing to control. The same authors noted that the least intrinsic rate of increase
for H. hebetor has been gained with sublethal doses of Thiaclopride (Rezaei et al.
2014b). A bioassay study proved that recommended concentrations of pyriproxyfen
did not have a significant harmful influence on H. hebetor and this insecticide could
be used as a compatible compound with H. hebetor in IPM projects (Jarrahi, et al.,
2013). Another study indicated that sublethal doses of pyridalil did not have any
adverse effect on the adult emergence rate however the reproduction parameters and
mortality rate have been influenced by (Abedi et al. 2013). The demographic
parameters of H. hebetor were reduced by tomato methanolic extract (Deljavan
Anvari et al. 2016). In another related study, it has been indicated that Asafoetida
(Ferula assa-foetida L.) essential oil reduced stable population growth parameters of
H. hebetor and thus they could not be used simultaneously to control carob moth in
pomegranate (Hashemi et al. 2013). Among the insecticides used against tomato
pinworm, it has been proved that sublethal concentrations of thiocyclam (Evisect®)
significantly reduced life-history parameters of H. hebetor and care should be made
to use this compound (Rezaei et al. 2018a, b, c). Similarly, the negative effect of
sublethal concentrations of flubendiamide (Takumi) on intrinsic rate of increase and
7 Parasitic Wasps: Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea
267
forces, which might be influence on parasitism rate and other biological characters.
For instance, it has been shown that resistant cultivars to tomato leafminer could be
used with H. hebetor simultaneously in terms of parasitism rate (Heidari et al. 2018).
The effect of host plant quality on life history and efficiency of natural enemies has
been documented in many cases. In a tritrophic study, it has been demonstrated that
there is a positive correlation between fecundity and longevity of H. hebetor with
increasing nitrogen fertilizers used in greenhouse tomato infested by tomato fruit
worm (Gharekhani 2018). The effect of ectosymbiont Wolbachia sp. demonstrated
that occurrence of this bacterium in H. hebetor contributed to sexual reproduction
and increases sex ratio in favour of females (Bagheri et al. 2017b; Nasehi et al.
2018), but crosses which females voided this symbiont therein, produced male
progenies (Bagheri et al. 2017a). This effects and consequently increases the transferring probability of this bacterium to the next generation (Bagheri et al. 2017b).
Furthermore, many demographic toxicological studies have been conducted to
evaluate the adverse effects of different classes of insecticides on H. hebetor life
history. The interesting point is that there are great variations in obtained results
e.g. some researchers addressed imidaclopride as a safe compound quietly compatible in IPM programs (Mahdavi et al. 2010) while at the same time, others indicated
that it has a serious adverse effect on age parameters or functional response of
H. hebetor (Sarmadi et al. 2010). In one of those bioassays, it has been shown that
some insecticides e.g. indoxacarb, fenpropathrin and hexaflumuron sound to be less
toxic to H. hebetor and thus could be used in an IPM program (Rafiee Dastjerdi et al.
2008a; Sarmadi et al. 2010; Faal-MohamadAli et al. 2010b). Additionally, it has
been demonstrated that sublethal effect of flufenoxuron for H. hebetor was less toxic
than lufenuron in terms of tintrinsic rate of increase (Shishebor and Faal
Mohammadali 2012), Although Rezaei et al. (2014a) showed that flufenoxuhe ron
and diflubenzuron significantly influenced on life table parameters of H. hebetor
comparing to control. The same authors noted that the least intrinsic rate of increase
for H. hebetor has been gained with sublethal doses of Thiaclopride (Rezaei et al.
2014b). A bioassay study proved that recommended concentrations of pyriproxyfen
did not have a significant harmful influence on H. hebetor and this insecticide could
be used as a compatible compound with H. hebetor in IPM projects (Jarrahi, et al.,
2013). Another study indicated that sublethal doses of pyridalil did not have any
adverse effect on the adult emergence rate however the reproduction parameters and
mortality rate have been influenced by (Abedi et al. 2013). The demographic
parameters of H. hebetor were reduced by tomato methanolic extract (Deljavan
Anvari et al. 2016). In another related study, it has been indicated that Asafoetida
(Ferula assa-foetida L.) essential oil reduced stable population growth parameters of
H. hebetor and thus they could not be used simultaneously to control carob moth in
pomegranate (Hashemi et al. 2013). Among the insecticides used against tomato
pinworm, it has been proved that sublethal concentrations of thiocyclam (Evisect®)
significantly reduced life-history parameters of H. hebetor and care should be made
to use this compound (Rezaei et al. 2018a, b, c). Similarly, the negative effect of
sublethal concentrations of flubendiamide (Takumi) on intrinsic rate of increase and
7 Parasitic Wasps: Chalcidoidea and Ichneumonoidea
267