temperature and relative humidity (Parajulee et al. 2006; Shojaei et al. 2006;
Moezipour et al. 2008) were considered.
Both type II and type III functional responses are seen in Trichogramma spp.
Fathipour et al. (2002, 2003), Arbab Tafti et al. (2004), Farazmand and Iranipour
(2009), Vaez et al. (2013) and Nikbin et al. (2014) reported that functional response
of Trichogramma species to their hosts has been type-III. In contrast, in some studies
(Karimian 1998; Farrokhi et al. 2010), type-II functional response also was observed
in these parasitoids. In all experiments, total time of exposure was 24 h. Host and
parasitoid species or populations, rearing conditions (temperature and relative
humidity) etc. are the sources of variation.
Shape of the functional response curve can be affected by some factors such as
temperature, species, size and physiological state of host/prey (Juliano and Williams
1985; Coll and Ridgway 1995; Runjie et al. 1996; Messina and Hanks 1998; Wang
and Ferro 1998; De Clercq et al. 2000; Mohaghegh et al. 2001; Sagarra et al. 2001).
Moezipour et al. (2008) reported type-II functional response of T. brassicae to
S. cerealella eggs at 25
C and type III at 20 and 30
C. Functional response of
T. brassicae was age-specifically changeable, as female parasitoids were more sever
and more efficient during their early adult life (Nikbin et al. 2014).
6.7 Targets and Inundative Programs
So far, Trichogramma spp. were used against C. suppressalis, O. nubilalis,
S. ceratoniae, H. armigera and C. pomonella in seven crops in Iran. Overall
187896 hectare of the mentioned crops was treated by Trichogramma spp. by
Plant Protection Organization of Iran in 2010. The released area in mentioned
crops during 1995 to 2010 is shown in Figs. 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9
(Attaran and Dadpour-Moghanlou 2011). Plant Protection Organization of Iran
published an executive instruction for control of the above pests. Unfortunately,
theoretical base of the following instructions is not known. Region for which this
instruction was provided is also unknown. For example, date of release or number of
generation differs by region, but this instruction does not provide regional information. At last, no data is available about evaluation of the results of releases. Therefore, it is likely an empirical rather than a scientific note.
6.7.1 Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L.
Here, biological control of codling moth by Trichogramma spp. has been
considered.
First generation Release of Trichogramma against the first generation was
recommended to be carried out in three stages by releasuing 15g parasitized eggs
212
S. Iranipour and N. Vaez
Moezipour et al. 2008) were considered.
Both type II and type III functional responses are seen in Trichogramma spp.
Fathipour et al. (2002, 2003), Arbab Tafti et al. (2004), Farazmand and Iranipour
(2009), Vaez et al. (2013) and Nikbin et al. (2014) reported that functional response
of Trichogramma species to their hosts has been type-III. In contrast, in some studies
(Karimian 1998; Farrokhi et al. 2010), type-II functional response also was observed
in these parasitoids. In all experiments, total time of exposure was 24 h. Host and
parasitoid species or populations, rearing conditions (temperature and relative
humidity) etc. are the sources of variation.
Shape of the functional response curve can be affected by some factors such as
temperature, species, size and physiological state of host/prey (Juliano and Williams
1985; Coll and Ridgway 1995; Runjie et al. 1996; Messina and Hanks 1998; Wang
and Ferro 1998; De Clercq et al. 2000; Mohaghegh et al. 2001; Sagarra et al. 2001).
Moezipour et al. (2008) reported type-II functional response of T. brassicae to
S. cerealella eggs at 25
C and type III at 20 and 30
C. Functional response of
T. brassicae was age-specifically changeable, as female parasitoids were more sever
and more efficient during their early adult life (Nikbin et al. 2014).
6.7 Targets and Inundative Programs
So far, Trichogramma spp. were used against C. suppressalis, O. nubilalis,
S. ceratoniae, H. armigera and C. pomonella in seven crops in Iran. Overall
187896 hectare of the mentioned crops was treated by Trichogramma spp. by
Plant Protection Organization of Iran in 2010. The released area in mentioned
crops during 1995 to 2010 is shown in Figs. 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9
(Attaran and Dadpour-Moghanlou 2011). Plant Protection Organization of Iran
published an executive instruction for control of the above pests. Unfortunately,
theoretical base of the following instructions is not known. Region for which this
instruction was provided is also unknown. For example, date of release or number of
generation differs by region, but this instruction does not provide regional information. At last, no data is available about evaluation of the results of releases. Therefore, it is likely an empirical rather than a scientific note.
6.7.1 Codling moth, Cydia pomonella L.
Here, biological control of codling moth by Trichogramma spp. has been
considered.
First generation Release of Trichogramma against the first generation was
recommended to be carried out in three stages by releasuing 15g parasitized eggs
212
S. Iranipour and N. Vaez