used to study the original behaviour of organisms while does not have many
deficiencies of artificial setups showed that N. californicus could be used with
Scolothrips longicornis Priesner simultaneously to suppress T. urticae population
(Farazmand et al. 2012b).
It has been shown that strawberry cultivars did not affect type of functional
response of N. californicus to Western flower thrips (Frankliniella
occidentalis (Pergande)) and on all tested cultivars, the predator showed type II
response (Rezaie et al. 2017). This predator was more efficient on Chandler’ and
‘Yalova’ cultivars could be assigned to glabrous surface of leaves. This point gets
more interesting when it has been reported that in olfactometer bioassay,
N. californicus preferred Chandler than other commercial cultivars (Rezaie 2016).
Host plant cultivars not only affect predation efficiency or prey preference but they
are influenced on spatial distribution of N. californicus (Rezaie et al. 2012).
Investigating the side effects of different acaricides and insecticides through
toxicological bioassays is one of common research fields in Iran as noted earlier.
In a toxicological bioassay, it has been demonstrated that two common acaricides,
spirodiclofen and spiromesifen residues was not harmful for N. californicus after
14 days past application and could be used within an IPM context against twospotted spider mites (Sarbaz et al. 2017). Besides, spirodiclofen could be considered
as a safe compound for N. californicus according to survival and predation rate data
(Aflaki et al. 2016). However, the undesirable effects of Thiamethoxam (Actara
® )
sublethal doses on some demographic parameters of this predator makes it as an
unsuitable candidate (Havasi et al. 2017).
Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes is another known spider mite predator, which has
been considered e.g., it was cleared that the leaf trichomes of strawberry negatively
influences some biological parameters of N. barkeri, like intrinsic rate of increase,
generation time and net reproductive rate (Rezaie 2013). N. barkeri as a native
predator of Tetranychids and thrips pests and as a type II lifestyle species (McMurtry
et al. 2013) can survive and reproduce on alternative diets e.g. different pollens. This
species certainly drew less attention than N. californicus and Persian investigations
restricted to some laboratory life table, functional response, or predation rate studies.
Unlike most phytoseiids, higher temperature does not significantly reduce the predation rate of this predator and the highest daily prey consumption was recorded at
35
C (Jafari et al. 2010a). Similarly, the upper thermal threshold and optimum
temperature for the development of N. barkeri were estimated as 38.8 and 33.29
C,
respectively (Jafari et al. 2010b). The suitability of several different nutritional diets
and pollens to N. barkeri has also been studied (Rezaie 2010c, 2018; Rezaie and
Askari 2015). Those studies confirm that N. barkeri was able to complete its life
cycle and reproduce on onion thrips plus corn pollen, corn, walnut and date pollens
and these could be used as additional food regimes.
Neoseiulus (¼ Amblyseius) cucumeris as an important type III lifestyle predator
of thrips and two- spotted spider mite (McMurtry et al. 2013) have been considered
scarcely in Persian papers. To study its predation efficiency, it has been proved that
this predator showed the highest performance on glabrous leaves of sweet pepper,
while on hairy surfaces of cucumber it was not able to suppress pest population.
4 Applied Ecology of Some Predacious Mites in Iran
149
deficiencies of artificial setups showed that N. californicus could be used with
Scolothrips longicornis Priesner simultaneously to suppress T. urticae population
(Farazmand et al. 2012b).
It has been shown that strawberry cultivars did not affect type of functional
response of N. californicus to Western flower thrips (Frankliniella
occidentalis (Pergande)) and on all tested cultivars, the predator showed type II
response (Rezaie et al. 2017). This predator was more efficient on Chandler’ and
‘Yalova’ cultivars could be assigned to glabrous surface of leaves. This point gets
more interesting when it has been reported that in olfactometer bioassay,
N. californicus preferred Chandler than other commercial cultivars (Rezaie 2016).
Host plant cultivars not only affect predation efficiency or prey preference but they
are influenced on spatial distribution of N. californicus (Rezaie et al. 2012).
Investigating the side effects of different acaricides and insecticides through
toxicological bioassays is one of common research fields in Iran as noted earlier.
In a toxicological bioassay, it has been demonstrated that two common acaricides,
spirodiclofen and spiromesifen residues was not harmful for N. californicus after
14 days past application and could be used within an IPM context against twospotted spider mites (Sarbaz et al. 2017). Besides, spirodiclofen could be considered
as a safe compound for N. californicus according to survival and predation rate data
(Aflaki et al. 2016). However, the undesirable effects of Thiamethoxam (Actara
® )
sublethal doses on some demographic parameters of this predator makes it as an
unsuitable candidate (Havasi et al. 2017).
Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes is another known spider mite predator, which has
been considered e.g., it was cleared that the leaf trichomes of strawberry negatively
influences some biological parameters of N. barkeri, like intrinsic rate of increase,
generation time and net reproductive rate (Rezaie 2013). N. barkeri as a native
predator of Tetranychids and thrips pests and as a type II lifestyle species (McMurtry
et al. 2013) can survive and reproduce on alternative diets e.g. different pollens. This
species certainly drew less attention than N. californicus and Persian investigations
restricted to some laboratory life table, functional response, or predation rate studies.
Unlike most phytoseiids, higher temperature does not significantly reduce the predation rate of this predator and the highest daily prey consumption was recorded at
35
C (Jafari et al. 2010a). Similarly, the upper thermal threshold and optimum
temperature for the development of N. barkeri were estimated as 38.8 and 33.29
C,
respectively (Jafari et al. 2010b). The suitability of several different nutritional diets
and pollens to N. barkeri has also been studied (Rezaie 2010c, 2018; Rezaie and
Askari 2015). Those studies confirm that N. barkeri was able to complete its life
cycle and reproduce on onion thrips plus corn pollen, corn, walnut and date pollens
and these could be used as additional food regimes.
Neoseiulus (¼ Amblyseius) cucumeris as an important type III lifestyle predator
of thrips and two- spotted spider mite (McMurtry et al. 2013) have been considered
scarcely in Persian papers. To study its predation efficiency, it has been proved that
this predator showed the highest performance on glabrous leaves of sweet pepper,
while on hairy surfaces of cucumber it was not able to suppress pest population.
4 Applied Ecology of Some Predacious Mites in Iran
149