female of P. persimilis per cucumber seedling (at five leaves stage) and eggplants
respectively stopped the increasing trend of two- spotted spider mite (TSSM)
population but they did not record the number of T. urticae different developmental
stages. Contrary to previous documents, studying the different releasing method and
predator-prey ratio of P. persimilis against two- spotted spider mites showed that this
species even at high predator-prey ratio could not suppress T. urticae population on
strawberry, which might be assigned to leaf trichomes of host plant (Arbabi 2015).
Dispersal pattern studies on greenhouse roses showed the aggregated pattern for
T. urticae and P. persimilis (Ahmadi et al. 2017). Nearly all of these researches have
been done within greenhouse while as a special case, once release of P. persimilis
plus half recommended dose of Propal acaricide produced the good results in terms
of TSSM population suppression (Mohiseni et al. 2006).
P. persimilis is the most outstanding predatory mite species used in greenhouses,
but many other Phytoseiids feed on spider mites and other pests; possibly contribute to control them in greenhouses which some species would be reviewed as
follows.
4.3.1.1.2 Neoseiulus spp. Hughes, 1948
Neoseiulus genus sensu stricto is a large and well-known Phytoseiid group (By April
2014, 397 species had been identified, of which 355 species were valid) (Demite
et al. 2014). This genus contains many species some are among the major and
effective natural enemies of mites, whiteflies, and thrips. Here, we tried to address
some researches carried out on different species of this genus.
There are some Persian studies on life history, mass production, prey preference,
spatial distribution, feeding history, intraguild predation, predation rate and predation efficacy of this predator species commonly carried on leaf discs at unreal
laboratory conditions. For instance, it has been proved that feeding premature stages
of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with different pollens and two- spotted spider
mite positively influenced this predator’s predation rate (Rezaie and Montazerie
2015). In a comparative survey, the superiority of N. californicus over
T. bagdasarjani according to daily fecundity and population size has been recorded
(Farazmand et al. 2013). Moreover, based on the attack rate and the handling time,
they reported N. californicus was more efficient biocontrol agent of T. urticae on
cucumber leaves than T. bagdasarjani (Farazmand et al. 2012a). Patch- leaving
behaviour of N. californicus has also been studied and the positive effect of
increasing prey density on patch residence and predator oviposition rate has been
shown (Nadeali et al. 2012).
In an applied study, the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) as a prey
and Agar oviposition substrate increased the predator’s fecundity and survival.
Furthermore, among pollens tested, the date palm and walnut ones fortified with
spider mite eggs produced the highest longevity (Rezaie and JavanNezhad 2018).
As stated above, there are few studies on N. cucumeris carried on real experimental conditions. Microcosm setup, which is a semiartificial rather complex arena
148
H. Madadi and H. Kamali
respectively stopped the increasing trend of two- spotted spider mite (TSSM)
population but they did not record the number of T. urticae different developmental
stages. Contrary to previous documents, studying the different releasing method and
predator-prey ratio of P. persimilis against two- spotted spider mites showed that this
species even at high predator-prey ratio could not suppress T. urticae population on
strawberry, which might be assigned to leaf trichomes of host plant (Arbabi 2015).
Dispersal pattern studies on greenhouse roses showed the aggregated pattern for
T. urticae and P. persimilis (Ahmadi et al. 2017). Nearly all of these researches have
been done within greenhouse while as a special case, once release of P. persimilis
plus half recommended dose of Propal acaricide produced the good results in terms
of TSSM population suppression (Mohiseni et al. 2006).
P. persimilis is the most outstanding predatory mite species used in greenhouses,
but many other Phytoseiids feed on spider mites and other pests; possibly contribute to control them in greenhouses which some species would be reviewed as
follows.
4.3.1.1.2 Neoseiulus spp. Hughes, 1948
Neoseiulus genus sensu stricto is a large and well-known Phytoseiid group (By April
2014, 397 species had been identified, of which 355 species were valid) (Demite
et al. 2014). This genus contains many species some are among the major and
effective natural enemies of mites, whiteflies, and thrips. Here, we tried to address
some researches carried out on different species of this genus.
There are some Persian studies on life history, mass production, prey preference,
spatial distribution, feeding history, intraguild predation, predation rate and predation efficacy of this predator species commonly carried on leaf discs at unreal
laboratory conditions. For instance, it has been proved that feeding premature stages
of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with different pollens and two- spotted spider
mite positively influenced this predator’s predation rate (Rezaie and Montazerie
2015). In a comparative survey, the superiority of N. californicus over
T. bagdasarjani according to daily fecundity and population size has been recorded
(Farazmand et al. 2013). Moreover, based on the attack rate and the handling time,
they reported N. californicus was more efficient biocontrol agent of T. urticae on
cucumber leaves than T. bagdasarjani (Farazmand et al. 2012a). Patch- leaving
behaviour of N. californicus has also been studied and the positive effect of
increasing prey density on patch residence and predator oviposition rate has been
shown (Nadeali et al. 2012).
In an applied study, the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) as a prey
and Agar oviposition substrate increased the predator’s fecundity and survival.
Furthermore, among pollens tested, the date palm and walnut ones fortified with
spider mite eggs produced the highest longevity (Rezaie and JavanNezhad 2018).
As stated above, there are few studies on N. cucumeris carried on real experimental conditions. Microcosm setup, which is a semiartificial rather complex arena
148
H. Madadi and H. Kamali