Take Home Message
• The flow of genetic information within a biological system can be shortly
described by “DNA makes RNA and RNA makes Protein.”
• The duplication of DNA during the cell cycle and thus cell division is known as
DNA-replication.
• The molecular process, in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into
RNA, is called transcription.
• The molecular process, in which the genetic code in mRNA is read to make a
protein, is called translation.
• Sequence information of the different “Omics” levels provide deep insights into
molecular mechanisms of living organisms.
• Each NGS application results in a different readout, depending on the specific
research question.
• The commonly used NGS applications are RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, methyl-Seq,
WGS, WES, targeted sequencing, and de novo sequencing.
Further Reading
• Clancy S, Brown W. Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein. Nature Education. 2008;1
(1):101.
• Brown TA. Genomes. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002. Available from: https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21128/.
• Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the
Cell. 7th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Review Questions
Review Question 1
Original DNA Sequence: 5’-ATGTGGAACCGCTGCTGA-3’
Mutated DNA Sequence: 5’-ATGCTGGAACCGCTGCTGA-3’
a) What’s the mRNA sequence?
b) What will be the amino acid sequence?
c) Will there likely be effects?
d) What kind of mutation is this?
Review Question 2
All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and
share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and
function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity?
12
A. Bosserhoff and M. Kappelmann-Fenzl
• The flow of genetic information within a biological system can be shortly
described by “DNA makes RNA and RNA makes Protein.”
• The duplication of DNA during the cell cycle and thus cell division is known as
DNA-replication.
• The molecular process, in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into
RNA, is called transcription.
• The molecular process, in which the genetic code in mRNA is read to make a
protein, is called translation.
• Sequence information of the different “Omics” levels provide deep insights into
molecular mechanisms of living organisms.
• Each NGS application results in a different readout, depending on the specific
research question.
• The commonly used NGS applications are RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq, methyl-Seq,
WGS, WES, targeted sequencing, and de novo sequencing.
Further Reading
• Clancy S, Brown W. Translation: DNA to mRNA to Protein. Nature Education. 2008;1
(1):101.
• Brown TA. Genomes. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002. Available from: https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21128/.
• Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the
Cell. 7th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
Review Questions
Review Question 1
Original DNA Sequence: 5’-ATGTGGAACCGCTGCTGA-3’
Mutated DNA Sequence: 5’-ATGCTGGAACCGCTGCTGA-3’
a) What’s the mRNA sequence?
b) What will be the amino acid sequence?
c) Will there likely be effects?
d) What kind of mutation is this?
Review Question 2
All cells in a multicellular organism have normally developed from a single cell and
share the same genome, but can nevertheless be wildly different in their shape and
function. What in the eukaryotic genome is responsible for this cell-type diversity?
12
A. Bosserhoff and M. Kappelmann-Fenzl