Reaction order, 173
Reaction rates: complex,
175–176; factors affecting,
171–173; laws, 173–175;
model, 169–171
Reaction spontaneity, 166–168,
217
Redox reaction: balancing equations, 205–209; half-reactions,
210–212; oxidation and reduction, 201–204
Reducing agent, 201
Reduction, 201
Reduction potential, 214
Representative elements, 54, 63
Research, scientific, 4
Resonance, 85–86
Reversible reaction, 177
Ribonucleic acid (RNA),
249–250
Roentgen, William, 253
Rounding, of numbers, 17–18
Rowland, F. Sherwood, 3, 4
Rutherford, Ernest, 32
S
Safety, laboratory, 4–5
Salinity, 266
Salt, 198
Salt bridge, 213
Saturated hydrocarbon, 226
Saturated solution, 147
s-block elements, 63–65
Schrödinger, Irwin, 44
Scientific law, 4; See also specific
Scientific methods, 2–4
Scientific notation, 11–14
Scientific research, 4
Second, 7
Secondary batteries, 218
Sigma bonds, 80
Significant figure, 16
Single-replacement reaction,
93–94
SI (Système Internationale
d’Unités), 7–10
Solids, 22, 131–132, 167
Solubility, 147
Solubility product constant,
184–186
Soluble substance, 147
Solute, 95
Solvent, 95
Solutions, 26; behavior of,
147–150; colligative properties
of, 155–157; and entropy
changes, 167; heterogeneous
mixtures, 157–158; molality of,
154; molarity of, 152–154; and
mole fractions, 155; percent by
mass of, 150–151
Solvation, 147
Specific heat, 159
Spectator ion, 95
Standard enthalpy (heat) of
formation, 165
Standard hydrogen electrode,
214
States of matter, 22; and entropy
changes, 166; forces of attraction, 130; liquids, 22, 131–132;
phase changes, 133–135;
solids, 22, 131–132, 167; See
also Gases; Matter
Stereoisomers, 229
Steroids, 248
Stoichiometry, 113–115; calculations, 115–119; gases,
144–146; limiting reactants,
120–122; percent yield,
122–124
Stratosphere, 263, 264–265
Strong acid, 190, 196
Strong base, 191, 196
Strong nuclear force, 255
Structural formula, 83–85
Structural isomers, 229
Sublimation, 134
Substance, 21
Substituent group, 222
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
328 Chemistry: Matter and Change
Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook
Reaction rates: complex,
175–176; factors affecting,
171–173; laws, 173–175;
model, 169–171
Reaction spontaneity, 166–168,
217
Redox reaction: balancing equations, 205–209; half-reactions,
210–212; oxidation and reduction, 201–204
Reducing agent, 201
Reduction, 201
Reduction potential, 214
Representative elements, 54, 63
Research, scientific, 4
Resonance, 85–86
Reversible reaction, 177
Ribonucleic acid (RNA),
249–250
Roentgen, William, 253
Rounding, of numbers, 17–18
Rowland, F. Sherwood, 3, 4
Rutherford, Ernest, 32
S
Safety, laboratory, 4–5
Salinity, 266
Salt, 198
Salt bridge, 213
Saturated hydrocarbon, 226
Saturated solution, 147
s-block elements, 63–65
Schrödinger, Irwin, 44
Scientific law, 4; See also specific
Scientific methods, 2–4
Scientific notation, 11–14
Scientific research, 4
Second, 7
Secondary batteries, 218
Sigma bonds, 80
Significant figure, 16
Single-replacement reaction,
93–94
SI (Système Internationale
d’Unités), 7–10
Solids, 22, 131–132, 167
Solubility, 147
Solubility product constant,
184–186
Soluble substance, 147
Solute, 95
Solvent, 95
Solutions, 26; behavior of,
147–150; colligative properties
of, 155–157; and entropy
changes, 167; heterogeneous
mixtures, 157–158; molality of,
154; molarity of, 152–154; and
mole fractions, 155; percent by
mass of, 150–151
Solvation, 147
Specific heat, 159
Spectator ion, 95
Standard enthalpy (heat) of
formation, 165
Standard hydrogen electrode,
214
States of matter, 22; and entropy
changes, 166; forces of attraction, 130; liquids, 22, 131–132;
phase changes, 133–135;
solids, 22, 131–132, 167; See
also Gases; Matter
Stereoisomers, 229
Steroids, 248
Stoichiometry, 113–115; calculations, 115–119; gases,
144–146; limiting reactants,
120–122; percent yield,
122–124
Stratosphere, 263, 264–265
Strong acid, 190, 196
Strong base, 191, 196
Strong nuclear force, 255
Structural formula, 83–85
Structural isomers, 229
Sublimation, 134
Substance, 21
Substituent group, 222
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
328 Chemistry: Matter and Change
Solving Problems: A Chemistry Handbook