67
antibiotic free food from sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge (Frank
et al. 2019; Willett et al. 2019). The road to the destination of the sustainability
approach in the food system is better aimed at United Nations “Sustainable
Development Goals”. Sustainable Development Goals major hallmarks are developing peace, prosperity in the world from individuals to nation level for living a
better and healthful life (United Nations 2019). The food system has been compromised over the years due to the threats of antimicrobial resistant pathogens in the
food chain. In particular, intensive livestock farming systems has relied on antibiotic use (Antonelli et al. 2019). Antibiotics were used substantially to treat, cure and
prevent animals and human infections. However, the antibiotic use for growth has
worsened the scenario as antimicrobials are used in sub therapeutic level
(Kirchhelle 2018).
Food safety, food security, and nutritional health are three key features of healthy
food system (Table 3.2). All these three features work in coordinated fashion theoretically, but the practical influence of each component is distinct. These found to be
less compatible when observed through a wider vision of policymakers and traders
(Walls et al. 2019). Food safety encompasses food production, handling, preparation, and storage; also address hazards such as food borne illnesses and diseases.
Nutritional health deals with the quality and quantity of food and their ingredients.
While food security is an extensive and wider circle, containing both food safety
and nutritional health. Food security ensures every principal, dealing with the maintenance of quality and quantity of food system in a more comprehensive way undertaking every element of the food web (Walls et al. 2016; HLPE 2017). Food
availability, food access, and food utilization are three basic pillars of food security
stated by the WHO, while the stability (Table 3.2) as the fourth pillar was added in
2009 by the World Summit on Food Security (FAO 2009b).
3.4.1 The 1st Pillar
The first pillar is food availability, which refers to the facility of food to be available,
including from its production, distribution, and exchange. The production of food
depends on several physical and environmental factors, such as land, soil, harvesting, management, selection of crops etc. Climatic factors can increase or decrease
the production rate of crops (Gregory et al. 2005). The rainfall and land water are
Table 3.2 Food system and four basic pillars of food security
Food System Key aspects Walls et al.
(2019)
Food Security Four Pillars Schmidhuber and Tubiello
(2007)
1. Food security
1. Availability
2. Food safety
2. Stability
3. Healthy nutrition
3. Access
4. Utilization
3 Antimicrobial Resistance, Food Systems and Climate Change
antibiotic free food from sustainable food systems is an immediate challenge (Frank
et al. 2019; Willett et al. 2019). The road to the destination of the sustainability
approach in the food system is better aimed at United Nations “Sustainable
Development Goals”. Sustainable Development Goals major hallmarks are developing peace, prosperity in the world from individuals to nation level for living a
better and healthful life (United Nations 2019). The food system has been compromised over the years due to the threats of antimicrobial resistant pathogens in the
food chain. In particular, intensive livestock farming systems has relied on antibiotic use (Antonelli et al. 2019). Antibiotics were used substantially to treat, cure and
prevent animals and human infections. However, the antibiotic use for growth has
worsened the scenario as antimicrobials are used in sub therapeutic level
(Kirchhelle 2018).
Food safety, food security, and nutritional health are three key features of healthy
food system (Table 3.2). All these three features work in coordinated fashion theoretically, but the practical influence of each component is distinct. These found to be
less compatible when observed through a wider vision of policymakers and traders
(Walls et al. 2019). Food safety encompasses food production, handling, preparation, and storage; also address hazards such as food borne illnesses and diseases.
Nutritional health deals with the quality and quantity of food and their ingredients.
While food security is an extensive and wider circle, containing both food safety
and nutritional health. Food security ensures every principal, dealing with the maintenance of quality and quantity of food system in a more comprehensive way undertaking every element of the food web (Walls et al. 2016; HLPE 2017). Food
availability, food access, and food utilization are three basic pillars of food security
stated by the WHO, while the stability (Table 3.2) as the fourth pillar was added in
2009 by the World Summit on Food Security (FAO 2009b).
3.4.1 The 1st Pillar
The first pillar is food availability, which refers to the facility of food to be available,
including from its production, distribution, and exchange. The production of food
depends on several physical and environmental factors, such as land, soil, harvesting, management, selection of crops etc. Climatic factors can increase or decrease
the production rate of crops (Gregory et al. 2005). The rainfall and land water are
Table 3.2 Food system and four basic pillars of food security
Food System Key aspects Walls et al.
(2019)
Food Security Four Pillars Schmidhuber and Tubiello
(2007)
1. Food security
1. Availability
2. Food safety
2. Stability
3. Healthy nutrition
3. Access
4. Utilization
3 Antimicrobial Resistance, Food Systems and Climate Change