64
responsible for increase in the antimicrobial resistance, particularly carbapenem
resistance (Kaba et al. 2020). This phenomenon can be considered true for other
global regions. The mechanisms underlying the rise in temperature and antibiotic
resistance raised questions regarding the behaviour of transposons and mobile
genetic elements bearing antibiotic resistance genes. Climate change due to global
warming triggered by anthropogenic activities could be the reason for increased
resistance among pathogens (MacFadden et al. 2018; Cavicchioli et al. 2019). The
natural and global environmental factors have driven the emergence of several new
mobile genetic elements and plasmids known to transfer novel antibiotic resistance
such as a novel metallo-β-lactamase designated New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
(NDM-1) (Walsh et al. 2011), OXA-48-like carbapenemases (Poirel et al. 2012) and
plasmid mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 (Liu et al. 2016).
It is estimated that antimicrobial resistance could kill ten million people every
year after 2050, if urgent actions are not taken (O’Neill 2016b). Moreover, antimicrobial resistance has strong potential to force 24 million people into extreme poverty (IACG 2019). It has been shown that about 70,000 people die due to drug
resistant infections each year; however, the value far exceeds and reached 5.7 million deaths annually due to untreatable infections in low middle income countries
(Daulaire et al. 2015; O’Neill 2016b) (Table 3.1). According to the reports of the
World Health Organization, antimicrobial resistance has reached an alarming level
around the globe. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
(GLASS) analyzed data from 22 countries and 5,00,000 isolates, reporting
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
Table 3.1 Antimicrobial resistance related deaths and predicted consequences
Antimicrobial
resistance
References
Current scenario 700,000 annual antibiotic resistant infections
deaths globally
O’Neill (2016b)
5.7 million annual antibiotic treatable deaths
occur, and majority of deaths occur in low and
middle income countries due to lack of access
to antibiotics
Daulaire et al. (2015)
23,000 deaths due to multi drug resistant
tuberculosis and half a million new cases each
year
WHO (2018)
2.8 million antibiotic resistance infections and
35,000 die each year in US
Redfield (2019)
Future
estimations
10 million deaths estimated by 2050 due to
antimicrobial resistance
World Bank Group (2017)
24 million people forecasted into extreme
poverty by 2030 due to antimicrobial resistance
Inter Agency Coordination
Group IACG (2019)
2.4 million people could die in high income
countries between 2015–2050
Organization for Economic
cooperation and
Development OECD (2018)
2 million deaths projected in India
Dixit et al. (2019)
M. Mohsin et al.
responsible for increase in the antimicrobial resistance, particularly carbapenem
resistance (Kaba et al. 2020). This phenomenon can be considered true for other
global regions. The mechanisms underlying the rise in temperature and antibiotic
resistance raised questions regarding the behaviour of transposons and mobile
genetic elements bearing antibiotic resistance genes. Climate change due to global
warming triggered by anthropogenic activities could be the reason for increased
resistance among pathogens (MacFadden et al. 2018; Cavicchioli et al. 2019). The
natural and global environmental factors have driven the emergence of several new
mobile genetic elements and plasmids known to transfer novel antibiotic resistance
such as a novel metallo-β-lactamase designated New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
(NDM-1) (Walsh et al. 2011), OXA-48-like carbapenemases (Poirel et al. 2012) and
plasmid mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 (Liu et al. 2016).
It is estimated that antimicrobial resistance could kill ten million people every
year after 2050, if urgent actions are not taken (O’Neill 2016b). Moreover, antimicrobial resistance has strong potential to force 24 million people into extreme poverty (IACG 2019). It has been shown that about 70,000 people die due to drug
resistant infections each year; however, the value far exceeds and reached 5.7 million deaths annually due to untreatable infections in low middle income countries
(Daulaire et al. 2015; O’Neill 2016b) (Table 3.1). According to the reports of the
World Health Organization, antimicrobial resistance has reached an alarming level
around the globe. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
(GLASS) analyzed data from 22 countries and 5,00,000 isolates, reporting
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
Table 3.1 Antimicrobial resistance related deaths and predicted consequences
Antimicrobial
resistance
References
Current scenario 700,000 annual antibiotic resistant infections
deaths globally
O’Neill (2016b)
5.7 million annual antibiotic treatable deaths
occur, and majority of deaths occur in low and
middle income countries due to lack of access
to antibiotics
Daulaire et al. (2015)
23,000 deaths due to multi drug resistant
tuberculosis and half a million new cases each
year
WHO (2018)
2.8 million antibiotic resistance infections and
35,000 die each year in US
Redfield (2019)
Future
estimations
10 million deaths estimated by 2050 due to
antimicrobial resistance
World Bank Group (2017)
24 million people forecasted into extreme
poverty by 2030 due to antimicrobial resistance
Inter Agency Coordination
Group IACG (2019)
2.4 million people could die in high income
countries between 2015–2050
Organization for Economic
cooperation and
Development OECD (2018)
2 million deaths projected in India
Dixit et al. (2019)
M. Mohsin et al.