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higher penetrating power of mixed phages though alginate which is a major constituent of the biofilm matrix of P. aeruginosa. This phage mixture was also reported
to be effective in killing P. aeruginosa in murine lungs infection in 6 h which substantially rationalize the promises of phage therapy for the control and treatment of
multi drug resistant Pseudomonas lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients
(Alemayehu et al. 2012). However, bacteriophage therapy or therapy involving
active compounds from bacteriophages may possibly induce adverse immune
responses depending on the duration of treatment, the dosage (depending on the site
of infection) and the composition of the bacteriophage formulation (single versus
multiple strains) which should be carefully considered during clinical trials.
7.5.8 Nanomedicine
Multifunctionalized nanostructured antimicrobial agents with attractive physicochemical and opto-electronic properties are also reported to possess promising biofilm eradication properties. (Kale et al. 2017). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
selectively attack cell membrane that consists of phospholipids and glycoprotein
facilitating the entry of antibiotics to the cell surface acting as a drug carrier. Silver
nanoparticles increases permeability by selectively binding to the sulphur containing proteins of the bacterial cell membrane. Further, silver (I) chelation prevents
unwinding of DNA which might attribute to enhanced bactericidal activity (Ghosh
et al. 2012). Silver nanoparticles of size 50 nm can effectively act against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis, which are causative agents of microbial keratitis (MartinezGutierrez et al. 2013). Novel materials like quercetin functionalized silver
nanoparticles can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of multi drug resistant
E. coli strain isolated from a cow with mastitis (Yu et al. 2018). Gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs) conjugated with 3-(diphenylphosphino) propionic acid (Au-LPa) were
also reported as potent antibiofilm agents against two Gram positive bacteria;
S. aureus (ATCC 43300) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) (Ahmed et al.
2017). Gold complexed sulfonamides are very efficient against methicillin resistant
S. aureus (MRSA) and clinical isolates by reducing cell adhesion (Mizdal et al.
2018). In our earlier reports, we have shown bimetallic nanoparticles of silver and
gold synthesized using medicinal plants like Dioscorea bulbifera and Plumbago
zeylanica are extremely effective in biofilm eradication against E. coli, Acinetobacter
baumannii, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (Salunke et al. 2014; Ghosh et al. 2015). In
another study, naturally occurring antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) were
conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles to eradicate biofilms of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, P. aeruginosa, methicillin sensitive S. aureus organisms,
and methicillin resistant S. aureus. These nanoconjugates with 0.005% (v/v) of cinnamaldehyde inhibited as well as disrupted biofilms which was indicated and confirmed by distorted cell morphology. Further cinnamaldehyde functionalized gold
nanoparticles attenuated S. aureus virulence (Ramasamy et al. 2017). Super
B. P. Singh et al.
higher penetrating power of mixed phages though alginate which is a major constituent of the biofilm matrix of P. aeruginosa. This phage mixture was also reported
to be effective in killing P. aeruginosa in murine lungs infection in 6 h which substantially rationalize the promises of phage therapy for the control and treatment of
multi drug resistant Pseudomonas lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients
(Alemayehu et al. 2012). However, bacteriophage therapy or therapy involving
active compounds from bacteriophages may possibly induce adverse immune
responses depending on the duration of treatment, the dosage (depending on the site
of infection) and the composition of the bacteriophage formulation (single versus
multiple strains) which should be carefully considered during clinical trials.
7.5.8 Nanomedicine
Multifunctionalized nanostructured antimicrobial agents with attractive physicochemical and opto-electronic properties are also reported to possess promising biofilm eradication properties. (Kale et al. 2017). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
selectively attack cell membrane that consists of phospholipids and glycoprotein
facilitating the entry of antibiotics to the cell surface acting as a drug carrier. Silver
nanoparticles increases permeability by selectively binding to the sulphur containing proteins of the bacterial cell membrane. Further, silver (I) chelation prevents
unwinding of DNA which might attribute to enhanced bactericidal activity (Ghosh
et al. 2012). Silver nanoparticles of size 50 nm can effectively act against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis, which are causative agents of microbial keratitis (MartinezGutierrez et al. 2013). Novel materials like quercetin functionalized silver
nanoparticles can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of multi drug resistant
E. coli strain isolated from a cow with mastitis (Yu et al. 2018). Gold nanoparticles
(AuNPs) conjugated with 3-(diphenylphosphino) propionic acid (Au-LPa) were
also reported as potent antibiofilm agents against two Gram positive bacteria;
S. aureus (ATCC 43300) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) (Ahmed et al.
2017). Gold complexed sulfonamides are very efficient against methicillin resistant
S. aureus (MRSA) and clinical isolates by reducing cell adhesion (Mizdal et al.
2018). In our earlier reports, we have shown bimetallic nanoparticles of silver and
gold synthesized using medicinal plants like Dioscorea bulbifera and Plumbago
zeylanica are extremely effective in biofilm eradication against E. coli, Acinetobacter
baumannii, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (Salunke et al. 2014; Ghosh et al. 2015). In
another study, naturally occurring antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) were
conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles to eradicate biofilms of enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, P. aeruginosa, methicillin sensitive S. aureus organisms,
and methicillin resistant S. aureus. These nanoconjugates with 0.005% (v/v) of cinnamaldehyde inhibited as well as disrupted biofilms which was indicated and confirmed by distorted cell morphology. Further cinnamaldehyde functionalized gold
nanoparticles attenuated S. aureus virulence (Ramasamy et al. 2017). Super
B. P. Singh et al.