169
paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) can prevent biofilm formation
against S. epidermidis, when treated at a concentration of 100 μg/mL from 12 to
48 hours indicating their promises in developing biofilm resistant orthopaedic
implants (Taylor and Webster 2009; Ghosh et al. 2018). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with superior drug loading capacity, facilitates sustained release of antimicrobial agents. Further, such types of drug carriers increase the drug concentration at
the site of infection or pathogenesis, avoids frequent dosages, reduces side effects,
and improves pharmacokinetics. In addition, such drug delivery systems reduce
antimicrobial resistance, enhance the solubility of certain antibiotics, and broaden
the therapeutic index (Ghosh 2019; Ghosh et al. 2019). Diazeniumdiolate modified
silica nanoparticles (100 nm) delivers large nitric oxide (NO) payloads for effective
eradication of biofilms of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Nitric
oxide released from the particles (61 μmol/mL) can eradicate >99% of the biofilm
embedded bacteria. Smaller size of silica particles (50 nm) may lead to enhancement of biofilm disrupting activity against P. aeruginosa (Slomberg et al. 2013).
Organic nanomaterials like Ciprofloxacin loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
nanoparticles functionalized with Deoxyribonuclease I, release ciprofloxacin in a
controlled fashion, target and disassemble the biofilm by degrading the extracellular
DNA that stabilize the biofilm matrix. These hybrid nanostructures not only prevent
biofilm formation from planktonic bacteria, but they also successfully reduce established biofilm mass, size and viable cell density. Repeated administration of
Deoxyribonuclease I coated nanoparticles encapsulating ciprofloxacin can reduce
biofilm formation by 95% and eradicate more than 99.8% of the established biofilm
(Baelo et al. 2015).
7.6 Conclusion
In the light of the above discussion it is evident that diverse strategies can be
explored and are being developed to disrupt biofilms which are microbial consortium structures imparting community based drug resistance that additionally poses
a global challenge towards therapeutic efficacy using conventional drugs. Biomedical
surfaces can be modified by impregnation of biofilm disrupting nanoparticles to
achieve efficient biofilm eradication. Similarly, more advanced strategies like laser
generated shockwaves involving mechanical energy to break up biofilms should be
explored. Relying solely on antibiotics and surgery to treat biofilm associated are no
more effective as they incur higher cost of treatment and add up to morbidity.
Moreover, current treatment algorithms are becoming increasingly less effective
due to emergence of more virulent organisms and multi drug resistance. Thus, a
rational integration of diverse technologies and different disciplines may help in
development of advance biofilm inhibiting and disrupting technology to combat
bacterial biofilms associated hazards.
7 Control of Bacterial Biofilms for Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance
paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) can prevent biofilm formation
against S. epidermidis, when treated at a concentration of 100 μg/mL from 12 to
48 hours indicating their promises in developing biofilm resistant orthopaedic
implants (Taylor and Webster 2009; Ghosh et al. 2018). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with superior drug loading capacity, facilitates sustained release of antimicrobial agents. Further, such types of drug carriers increase the drug concentration at
the site of infection or pathogenesis, avoids frequent dosages, reduces side effects,
and improves pharmacokinetics. In addition, such drug delivery systems reduce
antimicrobial resistance, enhance the solubility of certain antibiotics, and broaden
the therapeutic index (Ghosh 2019; Ghosh et al. 2019). Diazeniumdiolate modified
silica nanoparticles (100 nm) delivers large nitric oxide (NO) payloads for effective
eradication of biofilms of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Nitric
oxide released from the particles (61 μmol/mL) can eradicate >99% of the biofilm
embedded bacteria. Smaller size of silica particles (50 nm) may lead to enhancement of biofilm disrupting activity against P. aeruginosa (Slomberg et al. 2013).
Organic nanomaterials like Ciprofloxacin loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
nanoparticles functionalized with Deoxyribonuclease I, release ciprofloxacin in a
controlled fashion, target and disassemble the biofilm by degrading the extracellular
DNA that stabilize the biofilm matrix. These hybrid nanostructures not only prevent
biofilm formation from planktonic bacteria, but they also successfully reduce established biofilm mass, size and viable cell density. Repeated administration of
Deoxyribonuclease I coated nanoparticles encapsulating ciprofloxacin can reduce
biofilm formation by 95% and eradicate more than 99.8% of the established biofilm
(Baelo et al. 2015).
7.6 Conclusion
In the light of the above discussion it is evident that diverse strategies can be
explored and are being developed to disrupt biofilms which are microbial consortium structures imparting community based drug resistance that additionally poses
a global challenge towards therapeutic efficacy using conventional drugs. Biomedical
surfaces can be modified by impregnation of biofilm disrupting nanoparticles to
achieve efficient biofilm eradication. Similarly, more advanced strategies like laser
generated shockwaves involving mechanical energy to break up biofilms should be
explored. Relying solely on antibiotics and surgery to treat biofilm associated are no
more effective as they incur higher cost of treatment and add up to morbidity.
Moreover, current treatment algorithms are becoming increasingly less effective
due to emergence of more virulent organisms and multi drug resistance. Thus, a
rational integration of diverse technologies and different disciplines may help in
development of advance biofilm inhibiting and disrupting technology to combat
bacterial biofilms associated hazards.
7 Control of Bacterial Biofilms for Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance