Table 1. Compounds present in the Prosopis juliflora by the use of LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Retention
Molecular
MS/MS Peaks
Peak
time
Wavelength weight
MS
2
number t R (min) λ max (nm) (M)
[M-H]
− ions
Tentative Identification
1
1.06
284
342
341
101
Abietin (coniferin)
2
2.40
280
306
305
167;139;111109
Gallocatechin
3
3.23
277
578
577
577;451;425288;126
Catechin proanthocyanidin
4
3.32
278
290
289
151;137;109
Catechin
5
3.40
278
320
319
166;151;137109
4
-O-Methylgallocatechin
6
3.49
277
578
577
425;301;289179;161
Mesquitol proanthocyanidin
7
3.70
278
290
289
151;137;109
Mesquitol
8
3.93
271331
594
593
383;353;335
6,8-di C-glucosyl apigenin (vicenin 2)
9
4.24
–
288
287
242;185;153125;123
Unknown
10
4.30
271335
564
563
383;353;335
Glucosyl, pentosyl apigenin
11
4.77
269336
432
431
311;283;163119
Apigenin glucoside
12
4.90
–
302
301
245;227;199149;132;121109 Unknown
13
4.92
281
316
315
315;300;271243;163;151 107 Isorhamnetin
14
4.94
329
624
623
461;315;300271
Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside
15
5.02
285
304
303
257;150;109
Taxifolin
16
5.31
281
330
329
144
Unknown
17
5.43
264312
286
285
256;239;227133;117;109
Kaempferol
18
5.67
274278
614
613
461;181;153
Mesquitol diglucoside
19
6.86
–
306
305
305;159;147145;132;129
Unknown
20
8.25
–
432
431
431;413;269255;243;169
Unknown
found only in the big trees from Turkana County. Peak
12, 16 and 19 were also unknown and were found
only in the knot wood, heartwood and the pith from
all three geographic regions. Peak 20, was observed
with a retention time of 8.25 min. This compound was
found present only in the bark and sapwood samples
from the small trees of Turkana County and was absent
in Baringo and Garissa Counties. More studies should
be done in its identification, the role it plays in the tree
and why it is found only in Turkana County.
A summary of the 20 peaks that were tentatively
identified have been tabulated in Table 1 below according to their corresponding peak numbers.
4 CONCLUSION
A LC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method was employed to
separate and characterize phenolic compounds present
in P. juliflora. Phenolic compounds are of importance
due to their potential health benefits like antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial,
antihypertensive and cardioprotective. In P. juliflora,
20 peaks were detected out of which 15 were tentatively identified either as flavonoid aglycones or
some of their glycosylated forms. Among these compounds identified, a new B-type proanthocyanidin of
mesquitol has been reported here for the very first
time. Quantification of some of the identified compounds has also been done in the negative ion mode.
These results illustrate a rich array of phenolic compounds present in P. juliflora. The study recommends
further study on the properties of these identified
compounds in Prosopis juliflora.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support of the study was received from
the Pamoja PHC project Curien Hubert program;
the French Embassy in Kenya, the French National
Research Agency (ANR) and the Africa Centre of
Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable
energy Moi University.
REFERENCES
Awouafack, M. D., Tane, P., & Morita, H. 2017. Isolation and
Structure Characterization of Flavonoids. FlavonoidsFrom Biosynthesis to Human Health.
Bhuyan, D. J., & Basu, A. 2017. Phenolic compounds : potential health benefits and toxicity. In Q. V. Vuong (Ed.), Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and
Food Waste (pp. 27-59).
Bokrezion, H. 2008. The ecological and socio-economic role
of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea. Academic Dissertation,
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany, (PhD
report).
Bonta, R. K. 2017. Application of HPLC and ESI-MS techniques in the analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids
from green leafy vegetables (GLVs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. pp. 349–364.
Chen,Y.,Yu, H., Wu, H., Pan,Y., Wang, K., Jin,Y. & Zhang, C.
2015. Characterization and Quantification by LC-MS/MS
of the Chemical Components of the Heating Products of
the Flavonoids Extract in Pollen Typhae for Transformation Rule Exploration. Molecules 2015, 20, 18352–18366;
DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018352.
Chepkwony, S. C., Dumarçay, S., Chapuis, H., Kiprop, A.,
Gerardin, P., & GerardinCharbonnier, C. 2020. Geographic and intraspecific variability of mesquitol amounts
in Prosopis juliflora trees from Kenya. European Journal
Of Wood And Wood Products.
148
Retention
Molecular
MS/MS Peaks
Peak
time
Wavelength weight
MS
2
number t R (min) λ max (nm) (M)
[M-H]
− ions
Tentative Identification
1
1.06
284
342
341
101
Abietin (coniferin)
2
2.40
280
306
305
167;139;111109
Gallocatechin
3
3.23
277
578
577
577;451;425288;126
Catechin proanthocyanidin
4
3.32
278
290
289
151;137;109
Catechin
5
3.40
278
320
319
166;151;137109
4
-O-Methylgallocatechin
6
3.49
277
578
577
425;301;289179;161
Mesquitol proanthocyanidin
7
3.70
278
290
289
151;137;109
Mesquitol
8
3.93
271331
594
593
383;353;335
6,8-di C-glucosyl apigenin (vicenin 2)
9
4.24
–
288
287
242;185;153125;123
Unknown
10
4.30
271335
564
563
383;353;335
Glucosyl, pentosyl apigenin
11
4.77
269336
432
431
311;283;163119
Apigenin glucoside
12
4.90
–
302
301
245;227;199149;132;121109 Unknown
13
4.92
281
316
315
315;300;271243;163;151 107 Isorhamnetin
14
4.94
329
624
623
461;315;300271
Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside
15
5.02
285
304
303
257;150;109
Taxifolin
16
5.31
281
330
329
144
Unknown
17
5.43
264312
286
285
256;239;227133;117;109
Kaempferol
18
5.67
274278
614
613
461;181;153
Mesquitol diglucoside
19
6.86
–
306
305
305;159;147145;132;129
Unknown
20
8.25
–
432
431
431;413;269255;243;169
Unknown
found only in the big trees from Turkana County. Peak
12, 16 and 19 were also unknown and were found
only in the knot wood, heartwood and the pith from
all three geographic regions. Peak 20, was observed
with a retention time of 8.25 min. This compound was
found present only in the bark and sapwood samples
from the small trees of Turkana County and was absent
in Baringo and Garissa Counties. More studies should
be done in its identification, the role it plays in the tree
and why it is found only in Turkana County.
A summary of the 20 peaks that were tentatively
identified have been tabulated in Table 1 below according to their corresponding peak numbers.
4 CONCLUSION
A LC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method was employed to
separate and characterize phenolic compounds present
in P. juliflora. Phenolic compounds are of importance
due to their potential health benefits like antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial,
antihypertensive and cardioprotective. In P. juliflora,
20 peaks were detected out of which 15 were tentatively identified either as flavonoid aglycones or
some of their glycosylated forms. Among these compounds identified, a new B-type proanthocyanidin of
mesquitol has been reported here for the very first
time. Quantification of some of the identified compounds has also been done in the negative ion mode.
These results illustrate a rich array of phenolic compounds present in P. juliflora. The study recommends
further study on the properties of these identified
compounds in Prosopis juliflora.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support of the study was received from
the Pamoja PHC project Curien Hubert program;
the French Embassy in Kenya, the French National
Research Agency (ANR) and the Africa Centre of
Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable
energy Moi University.
REFERENCES
Awouafack, M. D., Tane, P., & Morita, H. 2017. Isolation and
Structure Characterization of Flavonoids. FlavonoidsFrom Biosynthesis to Human Health.
Bhuyan, D. J., & Basu, A. 2017. Phenolic compounds : potential health benefits and toxicity. In Q. V. Vuong (Ed.), Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and
Food Waste (pp. 27-59).
Bokrezion, H. 2008. The ecological and socio-economic role
of Prosopis juliflora in Eritrea. Academic Dissertation,
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany, (PhD
report).
Bonta, R. K. 2017. Application of HPLC and ESI-MS techniques in the analysis of phenolic acids and flavonoids
from green leafy vegetables (GLVs). Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. pp. 349–364.
Chen,Y.,Yu, H., Wu, H., Pan,Y., Wang, K., Jin,Y. & Zhang, C.
2015. Characterization and Quantification by LC-MS/MS
of the Chemical Components of the Heating Products of
the Flavonoids Extract in Pollen Typhae for Transformation Rule Exploration. Molecules 2015, 20, 18352–18366;
DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018352.
Chepkwony, S. C., Dumarçay, S., Chapuis, H., Kiprop, A.,
Gerardin, P., & GerardinCharbonnier, C. 2020. Geographic and intraspecific variability of mesquitol amounts
in Prosopis juliflora trees from Kenya. European Journal
Of Wood And Wood Products.
148