month. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using
Cissus quandangularis is an alternative to chemical
synthesis. We anticipate that the smaller particles are
mostly stabilized by alkaloids and proteins. Further
experiments on the systematic mode of mechanism
of size-selective synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles
using this very useful Cissus quandangularis should
be done. Moreover, further research should be done
on the applicability of the synthesized nanoparticles
in remediation.
5 RECOMMENDATION
A study should be done to study the photoluminescence and luminescence properties of ZnO
NPs synthesized from Cissus quandangularis plant
extract.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am thankful and grateful to Dr. Kengara, Dr.
K’owino, Head, Department of Chemistry for providing all necessary facilities to carry out the present
work. Furthermore, I amgrateful to ACEII-PTRE-Moi
University for the financial support.
REFERENCES
Bandala, E. R., Gelover, S., Leal, M. T., Arancibia-Bulnes,
C., Jimenez, A., & Estrada, C. A. (2002). Solar photocatalytic degradation of Aldrin. Catalysis Today, 76(2–4),
189–199.
Boruah, B., Samantaray, P. K., Madras, G., Modak, J. M., &
Bose, S. (2020). Sustainable photocatalytic water remediation via dual active strongly coupled AgBiO3 on
PVDF/PBSA membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 124777.
Dhanasekaran, S. (2020). Phytochemical characteristics of
aerial part of Cissus quadrangularis (L) and its in-vitro
inhibitory activity against leukemic cells and antioxidant
properties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.
Ealias, A. M., & Saravanakumar, M. P. (2017, November).
A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis
of nanoparticles and their application. In IOP Conf. Ser.
Mater. Sci. Eng (Vol. 263, p. 032019).
Hong, N. H. (2019). Introduction to nanomaterials: basic
properties, synthesis, and characterization. In Nano-Sized
Multifunctional Materials (pp. 1–19). Elsevier.
Kuppusamy, S., Palanisami,T., Megharaj, M.,Venkateswarlu,
K., & Naidu, R. (2016). Ex-situ remediation technologies for environmental pollutants: a critical perspective.
In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236 (pp. 117–192). Springer, Cham.
Mehta, A., Mishra, A., Basu, S., Shetti, N. P., Reddy, K.
R., Saleh, T. A., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2019). Band
gap tuning and surface modification of carbon dots for
sustainable environmental remediation and photocatalytic
hydrogen production–A review. Journal of environmental
management, 250, 109486.
Mirzaei, H., & Darroudi, M. (2017). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biological synthesis and biomedical applications. Ceramics International, 43(1), 907–914.
Nativo, P., Prior, I. A., & Brust, M. (2008). Uptake and intracellular fate of surface-modified gold nanoparticles. ACS
nano, 2(8), 1639–1644.
Naveed Ul Haq, A., Nadhman, A., Ullah, I., Mustafa, G.,Yasinzai, M., & Khan, I. (2017). Synthesis approaches of zinc
oxide nanoparticles: the dilemma of ecotoxicity. Journal
of Nanomaterials, 2017.
Ong, C. B., Ng, L. Y., & Mohammad, A. W. (2018). A review
of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: synthesis,
mechanisms and applications. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 81, 536–551.
Parveen, K., Banse, V., & Ledwani, L. (2016, April). Green
synthesis of nanoparticles: their advantages and disadvantages. In AIP conference proceedings (Vol. 1724, No. 1,
p. 020048). AIP Publishing LLC.
Pascariu, P., & Homocianu, M. (2019). ZnO-based
ceramic nanofibers: Preparation, properties and applications. Ceramics International, 45(9), 11158–11173.
Raghu, H. V., Parkunan, T., & Kumar, N. (2020). Application of Nanobiosensors for Food Safety Monitoring.
In Environmental NanotechnologyVolume 4 (pp. 93–129).
Springer, Cham.
Rane, A. V., Kanny, K., Abitha, V. K., & Thomas, S. (2018).
Methods for synthesis of nanoparticles and fabrication of
nanocomposites. In Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials (pp. 121–139). Woodhead Publishing.
Riley, J. K., Matyjaszewski, K., & Tilton, R. D. (2018).
Friction and adhesion control between adsorbed layers
of polyelectrolyte brush-grafted nanoparticles via pHtriggered bridging interactions. Journal of colloid and
interface science, 526, 114–123.
Sanjukta, R. K., Samir, D., Puro, K., Ghataak, S., Shakuntal, L., & Sen, A. (2016). Green synthesis of silver
Nanoparticles using plant. Int J Nanomed Nanosurg, 2(2).
Saratale, R. G., Saratale, G. D., Shin, H. S., Jacob,
J. M., Pugazhendhi, A., Bhaisare, M., & Kumar, G.
(2018). New insights on the green synthesis of metallic
nanoparticles using plant and waste biomaterials: current
knowledge, their agricultural and environmental applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
25(11), 10164–10183.
Saxena, N., Goswami, A., Dhodapkar, P. K., Nihalani, M. C.,
& Mandal, A. (2019). Bio-based surfactant for enhanced
oil recovery: Interfacial properties, emulsification and
rock-fluid interactions. Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 176, 299–311.
Sharma, G., Kumar, A., Sharma, S., Naushad, M., Dwivedi,
R. P., ALOthman, Z. A., & Mola, G. T. (2019). Novel
development of nanoparticles to bimetallic nanoparticles
and their composites: a review. Journal of King Saud
University-Science, 31(2), 257–269.
Siripireddy, B., & Mandal, B. K. (2017). Facile green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Eucalyptus globulus and
their photocatalytic and antioxidant activity. Advanced
Powder Technology, 28(3), 785–797.
Sun, Y., & Xia, Y. (2003). Gold and silver nanoparticles: a
class of chromophores with colors tunable in the range
from 400 to 750 nm. Analyst, 128(6), 686–691.
Trojanowski, R., & Fthenakis, V. (2019). Nanoparticle
emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 103,
515–528.
Velammal, S. P., Devi, T. A., & Amaladhas, T. P. (2016).
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized using Plumbago
zeylanica bark. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry,
6(3), 247–260.
135
Cissus quandangularis is an alternative to chemical
synthesis. We anticipate that the smaller particles are
mostly stabilized by alkaloids and proteins. Further
experiments on the systematic mode of mechanism
of size-selective synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles
using this very useful Cissus quandangularis should
be done. Moreover, further research should be done
on the applicability of the synthesized nanoparticles
in remediation.
5 RECOMMENDATION
A study should be done to study the photoluminescence and luminescence properties of ZnO
NPs synthesized from Cissus quandangularis plant
extract.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am thankful and grateful to Dr. Kengara, Dr.
K’owino, Head, Department of Chemistry for providing all necessary facilities to carry out the present
work. Furthermore, I amgrateful to ACEII-PTRE-Moi
University for the financial support.
REFERENCES
Bandala, E. R., Gelover, S., Leal, M. T., Arancibia-Bulnes,
C., Jimenez, A., & Estrada, C. A. (2002). Solar photocatalytic degradation of Aldrin. Catalysis Today, 76(2–4),
189–199.
Boruah, B., Samantaray, P. K., Madras, G., Modak, J. M., &
Bose, S. (2020). Sustainable photocatalytic water remediation via dual active strongly coupled AgBiO3 on
PVDF/PBSA membranes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 124777.
Dhanasekaran, S. (2020). Phytochemical characteristics of
aerial part of Cissus quadrangularis (L) and its in-vitro
inhibitory activity against leukemic cells and antioxidant
properties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.
Ealias, A. M., & Saravanakumar, M. P. (2017, November).
A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis
of nanoparticles and their application. In IOP Conf. Ser.
Mater. Sci. Eng (Vol. 263, p. 032019).
Hong, N. H. (2019). Introduction to nanomaterials: basic
properties, synthesis, and characterization. In Nano-Sized
Multifunctional Materials (pp. 1–19). Elsevier.
Kuppusamy, S., Palanisami,T., Megharaj, M.,Venkateswarlu,
K., & Naidu, R. (2016). Ex-situ remediation technologies for environmental pollutants: a critical perspective.
In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236 (pp. 117–192). Springer, Cham.
Mehta, A., Mishra, A., Basu, S., Shetti, N. P., Reddy, K.
R., Saleh, T. A., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2019). Band
gap tuning and surface modification of carbon dots for
sustainable environmental remediation and photocatalytic
hydrogen production–A review. Journal of environmental
management, 250, 109486.
Mirzaei, H., & Darroudi, M. (2017). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biological synthesis and biomedical applications. Ceramics International, 43(1), 907–914.
Nativo, P., Prior, I. A., & Brust, M. (2008). Uptake and intracellular fate of surface-modified gold nanoparticles. ACS
nano, 2(8), 1639–1644.
Naveed Ul Haq, A., Nadhman, A., Ullah, I., Mustafa, G.,Yasinzai, M., & Khan, I. (2017). Synthesis approaches of zinc
oxide nanoparticles: the dilemma of ecotoxicity. Journal
of Nanomaterials, 2017.
Ong, C. B., Ng, L. Y., & Mohammad, A. W. (2018). A review
of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: synthesis,
mechanisms and applications. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 81, 536–551.
Parveen, K., Banse, V., & Ledwani, L. (2016, April). Green
synthesis of nanoparticles: their advantages and disadvantages. In AIP conference proceedings (Vol. 1724, No. 1,
p. 020048). AIP Publishing LLC.
Pascariu, P., & Homocianu, M. (2019). ZnO-based
ceramic nanofibers: Preparation, properties and applications. Ceramics International, 45(9), 11158–11173.
Raghu, H. V., Parkunan, T., & Kumar, N. (2020). Application of Nanobiosensors for Food Safety Monitoring.
In Environmental NanotechnologyVolume 4 (pp. 93–129).
Springer, Cham.
Rane, A. V., Kanny, K., Abitha, V. K., & Thomas, S. (2018).
Methods for synthesis of nanoparticles and fabrication of
nanocomposites. In Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials (pp. 121–139). Woodhead Publishing.
Riley, J. K., Matyjaszewski, K., & Tilton, R. D. (2018).
Friction and adhesion control between adsorbed layers
of polyelectrolyte brush-grafted nanoparticles via pHtriggered bridging interactions. Journal of colloid and
interface science, 526, 114–123.
Sanjukta, R. K., Samir, D., Puro, K., Ghataak, S., Shakuntal, L., & Sen, A. (2016). Green synthesis of silver
Nanoparticles using plant. Int J Nanomed Nanosurg, 2(2).
Saratale, R. G., Saratale, G. D., Shin, H. S., Jacob,
J. M., Pugazhendhi, A., Bhaisare, M., & Kumar, G.
(2018). New insights on the green synthesis of metallic
nanoparticles using plant and waste biomaterials: current
knowledge, their agricultural and environmental applications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
25(11), 10164–10183.
Saxena, N., Goswami, A., Dhodapkar, P. K., Nihalani, M. C.,
& Mandal, A. (2019). Bio-based surfactant for enhanced
oil recovery: Interfacial properties, emulsification and
rock-fluid interactions. Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering, 176, 299–311.
Sharma, G., Kumar, A., Sharma, S., Naushad, M., Dwivedi,
R. P., ALOthman, Z. A., & Mola, G. T. (2019). Novel
development of nanoparticles to bimetallic nanoparticles
and their composites: a review. Journal of King Saud
University-Science, 31(2), 257–269.
Siripireddy, B., & Mandal, B. K. (2017). Facile green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by Eucalyptus globulus and
their photocatalytic and antioxidant activity. Advanced
Powder Technology, 28(3), 785–797.
Sun, Y., & Xia, Y. (2003). Gold and silver nanoparticles: a
class of chromophores with colors tunable in the range
from 400 to 750 nm. Analyst, 128(6), 686–691.
Trojanowski, R., & Fthenakis, V. (2019). Nanoparticle
emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 103,
515–528.
Velammal, S. P., Devi, T. A., & Amaladhas, T. P. (2016).
Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized using Plumbago
zeylanica bark. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry,
6(3), 247–260.
135