viii
Contents
3.4 Environmental Distribution ..............................................................43
3.4.1 Soil ............................................................................................44
3.4.1.1 Distribution between Soil/ Sediment
and Water ................................................................44
3.4.1.2 Distribution between Soil/ Sediment and
Groundwater ........................................................... 46
3.4.1.3 Distribution between Soil/ Sediment
and Vapor ................................................................ 47
3.4.1.4 Distribution between Soil/S ediment and
Fog/Rainwater ........................................................ 47
3.4.2 Biota ......................................................................................... 48
3.4.2.1 Biota and Water ...................................................... 49
3.4.2.2 Root Zone Absorption ........................................... 49
3.4.2.3 Biota and Vapor ...................................................... 50
3.5 Reactivity .............................................................................................. 50
3.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 52
References ....................................................................................................... 52
4. Pesticide Exposure and Impact on Humans and Ecosystems .............. 57
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 57
4.2 Examples of Human Exposures ........................................................ 57
4.2.1 Paraquat ................................................................................... 57
4.2.2 P etroleum-Based Weed and Dormant
Oil Pesticides .......................................................................... 58
4.2.3 Other Examples ...................................................................... 59
4.2.4 Mitigation ................................................................................ 59
4.3 Regulations and Classifcations ........................................................ 59
4.4 Indoor vs Outdoor Chemicals ........................................................... 60
4.5 Human Exposure Routes and Impacts ............................................63
4.6 Exposures to Ecosystems ...................................................................65
4.7 Global Distribution and Climate Change........................................ 66
4.8 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 67
References ....................................................................................................... 67
5. Environmental Fate Models, with Emphasis on Those
Applicable to Air ........................................................................................... 73
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 73
5.2 Empirical vs Computational Models................................................ 74
5.3 Empirical Models ................................................................................ 75
5.3.1 Empirical Models ( Microcosm) ............................................ 75
5.3.2 Empirical Models ( Mesocosm) ............................................. 76
5.4 Numeric Models ( Computer) .............................................................77
5.4.1 Water/Multimedia Models ................................................... 78
5.4.2 Soil/R oot Zone Models .........................................................80
5.4.3 Air/D ispersion and Fate Models ......................................... 81