ix
Contents
5.4.3.1 Emission Rate Estimation for Air/
Dispersion and Fate Models .................................85
5.5 Chemical Property Estimation ..........................................................85
5.5.1 EPI Suite TM ............................................................................... 86
5.5.2 Literature Search .................................................................... 87
5.5.3 Experimental Generation ...................................................... 87
5.6 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 87
5.7 Further Reading .................................................................................. 88
References ....................................................................................................... 88
6. Sampling and Analysis ............................................................................... 91
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 91
6.2 Sampling............................................................................................... 91
6.2.1 Sampler Design ...................................................................... 92
6.2.2 Physical Properties of the Analyte ...................................... 93
6.2.3 Cumulative Sampling ............................................................ 94
6.2.4 Special Sampler Designs ....................................................... 95
6.2.5 Environment ........................................................................... 95
6.3 Analysis ................................................................................................ 96
6.4 Limit of Detection ............................................................................... 98
6.5 Further Reading .................................................................................. 99
References ....................................................................................................... 99
7. Pesticides in Fog .......................................................................................... 101
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 101
7.2 Pesticides in Fogwater ...................................................................... 101
7.3 Pesticide Use in California ............................................................... 104
7.4 Fogwater Sampling Methodology .................................................. 105
7.5 Fogwater Sampling Results ............................................................. 107
7.6 Signifcance ........................................................................................ 116
7.7 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 118
References ..................................................................................................... 119
8. Fumigants ..................................................................................................... 123
8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 123
8.2 Methyl Bromide ................................................................................. 125
8.3 Emissions of MeBr from Agricultural Fields: Rate Estimates
and Methods of Reduction .............................................................. 128
8.3.1 Flux from a Single Fallow Field ......................................... 129
8.3.2 Flux from Multiple Sources ................................................ 131
8.3.2.1 Flux from Multiple Fields: Ambient
Concentrations Downwind ................................. 132
8.3.2.2 Flux from Multiple Fields: ISCST3 Model
Performance .......................................................... 134