Contents
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. xiii
Authors ...................................................................................................................xv
List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................... xix
Glossary of Agencies ........................................................................................ xxiii
Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................ xxvii
1. Introduction: A Summary with New Perspectives ..................................1
1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................1
1.2 Distribution and Fate of Pesticides in Air .........................................2
References .........................................................................................................6
2. Historical and Current Uses of Pesticides .................................................7
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................7
2.2 Early Pesticides ......................................................................................7
2.3 The Synthetic Revolution .....................................................................8
2.3.1 Organochlorines ......................................................................8
2.3.2 Organophosphates ...................................................................9
2.3.3 Carbamates ............................................................................. 12
2.3.4 Synthetic Herbicides .............................................................. 12
2.3.5 Neonicotinoids ....................................................................... 14
2.4 Biopesticides ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.1 Spinosad .................................................................................. 19
2.5 Basic Overview of Application of Pesticides ................................... 20
2.6 Summary of Current Use of Pesticides ............................................ 21
References .......................................................................................................22
3. Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides and Other
Contaminants: Volatilization, Adsorption, Environmental
Distribution, and Reactivity....................................................................... 25
3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 25
3.2 Volatilization ........................................................................................ 25
3.2.1 Volatilization of Pure Liquids and Solids .......................... 27
3.2.2 Volatilization from Water ..................................................... 33
3.2.2.1 Solutes ...................................................................... 33
3.2.2.2 Azeotropes .............................................................. 36
3.2.3 Volatilization from Soil ......................................................... 38
3.2.4 Volatilization Flux Methods ................................................. 39
3.3 Adsorption/Absorption .....................................................................42
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