84
S. Dhiman et al.
Table 4.4 Organic acids secreted by bacteria isolated from dung
Bacteria
pH
Temperature (°C) Acids formed
Bacillus cereus
5.2
25–30
Acetic, lactic
Bacillus knelfelkamipi
5.2–8.0 25–35
Acetic, lactic
Bacillus megaterium
5.2–7.5 28–35
Acetic, lactic
Bacteroides succinogenes
5.2–7.5 25–35
Acetic, succinic
Clostridium carnofoetidum
5.0–8.5 25–37
–
Clostridium cellobioparus
5.0–8.5 36–38
Formic, acetic, lactic, ethanol,
CO 2
Clostridium dissolvens
5.0–8.5 35–51
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic
Clostridium theymocellulaseum 5.0–8.5 55–65
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic,
ethanol
Pseudomonas formicans
–
33–42
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic,
ethanol
Ruminococcus flavifaciens
–
33–38
Formic, acetic, succinic
Source Chawla OP (1986) Advances in biogas technology
lipase have been detected in manure compost (Charbonneau et al. 2012). Previously,
xylanolytic bacteria have obtained growing industrial activity in numerous industries such as enzyme-aided bleaching of paper (Velazquez et al. 2004), production
of ethanol from plant biomass, animal feed additives). A member of xylanolytic
bacteria Paenibacillus favisporus sp., from cow dung, produced an extensive range
of hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases, cellulases, amylases, gelatinase, urease, and
β-galactosidase (Velazquez et al. 2004) showed feasible for industrial applications.
The occurrence of naturally occuring steroid hormones in dung has also been reported
by several workers (Ermawati et al. 2007; Andaluri et al. 2012). Mohanta et al. (2017)
reported Bacillus sp. as amino acid-producing bacteria from cow dung and amino
acids namely cysteine, serine, and methionine were characterized by Bacillus sp.
These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, constitute a major part of the
body, involved in building cells and repairing tissues, and form antibodies to combat
foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. Longback, Chawla (1986) mentioned both
strong and weak organic acids, ethanol, and other metabolites are produced by a
different group of bacteria as given in Table 4.4.
4.5 Dung and the Mineral Nutrients Management
The interest in the use of dung has increased exponentially especially to preserve soil
fertility for the long term. Dung contains small portions of plant nutrients in inorganic
forms that do not require mineralization to be solubilized in the soil water solution.
This solubilized fraction has a direct influence; its nutrients are easily available
for plant uptake, while the organic forms of plant nutrients in dung provide the slow
S. Dhiman et al.
Table 4.4 Organic acids secreted by bacteria isolated from dung
Bacteria
pH
Temperature (°C) Acids formed
Bacillus cereus
5.2
25–30
Acetic, lactic
Bacillus knelfelkamipi
5.2–8.0 25–35
Acetic, lactic
Bacillus megaterium
5.2–7.5 28–35
Acetic, lactic
Bacteroides succinogenes
5.2–7.5 25–35
Acetic, succinic
Clostridium carnofoetidum
5.0–8.5 25–37
–
Clostridium cellobioparus
5.0–8.5 36–38
Formic, acetic, lactic, ethanol,
CO 2
Clostridium dissolvens
5.0–8.5 35–51
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic
Clostridium theymocellulaseum 5.0–8.5 55–65
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic,
ethanol
Pseudomonas formicans
–
33–42
Formic, acetic, lactic, succinic,
ethanol
Ruminococcus flavifaciens
–
33–38
Formic, acetic, succinic
Source Chawla OP (1986) Advances in biogas technology
lipase have been detected in manure compost (Charbonneau et al. 2012). Previously,
xylanolytic bacteria have obtained growing industrial activity in numerous industries such as enzyme-aided bleaching of paper (Velazquez et al. 2004), production
of ethanol from plant biomass, animal feed additives). A member of xylanolytic
bacteria Paenibacillus favisporus sp., from cow dung, produced an extensive range
of hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases, cellulases, amylases, gelatinase, urease, and
β-galactosidase (Velazquez et al. 2004) showed feasible for industrial applications.
The occurrence of naturally occuring steroid hormones in dung has also been reported
by several workers (Ermawati et al. 2007; Andaluri et al. 2012). Mohanta et al. (2017)
reported Bacillus sp. as amino acid-producing bacteria from cow dung and amino
acids namely cysteine, serine, and methionine were characterized by Bacillus sp.
These amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, constitute a major part of the
body, involved in building cells and repairing tissues, and form antibodies to combat
foreign bodies like bacteria and viruses. Longback, Chawla (1986) mentioned both
strong and weak organic acids, ethanol, and other metabolites are produced by a
different group of bacteria as given in Table 4.4.
4.5 Dung and the Mineral Nutrients Management
The interest in the use of dung has increased exponentially especially to preserve soil
fertility for the long term. Dung contains small portions of plant nutrients in inorganic
forms that do not require mineralization to be solubilized in the soil water solution.
This solubilized fraction has a direct influence; its nutrients are easily available
for plant uptake, while the organic forms of plant nutrients in dung provide the slow