4 Cattle Dung Manure Microbiota as a Substitute …
81
4.3 Dung: Bioresource of Energy
At present, the consciousness of organic matter and the concept of sustainable
agriculture have been achieving impetus among Indian farmers to produce good
quality consumable agricultural products (Eastman et al. 2001). Natural resources
to generate energy always proved to be an important issue in the enhancement of
the economy of India. In this context animal waste can be cost-effectively used to
produce energy while contributing a significant portion of energy independence, and
reducing disposal costs and pollution (Kemausuor et al. 2016).
As stated earlier, the availability of animal dung is produced in large quantities, thus forms a sound base for nonconventional energy. Chynoweth et al. (1993)
suggested as potential sources of biogas production include cattle waste, buffalo
waste, piggery waste, chicken waste including human excreta. Due to an abundance
of dung availability and rich in organic matter, it is easily accessible for biogas
production and acts as a rich habitat for various microbes such as methanogens,
hydrogen-producing, and cellulose-degrading bacteria. In India, methane is popularly called “gobar gas” and produced by anaerobic microorganisms. The scientists
engaged this work stated that organisms work synergistically that it can do more
than is estimated by “summing.” Although, a large number of facultative anaerobic
or obligate anaerobes have been involved in various microbial reactions for energy
(biogas) generation processes the exact role of individual organism is yet to be determined (Güllert et al. 2016). Some of the microorganisms involved in synthesizing
various products given in Table 4.2.
A diverse group of bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter sp., and other
purple sulfur or purple non-sulfur bacteria is the main inhabitants of dung responsible
for the production of the maximum amount of methane gas in comparison to other
photosynthetic bacteria (Zhao et al. 2013). The anaerobic fermentation of animal
wastes does not require the addition of seed bacteria for biogas production, and
this feature differentiates animal waste from other organic wastes (Yokoyama et al.
2007). The animal waste on this planet produces around 55–65% methane, which
upon release in the atmosphere can affect global warming 21 times higher than the
rate CO 2 does (Abbasi et al. 2012).
Methanogens, a dominant heterogeneous group of and/or bacteria/archaea ferment
organic matter of the dung anaerobically produce biogas which is a mixture of
different gases mainly constitutes methane (50–65%) and CO 2 (25–45%). Dung
excreted by 3–5 cattle/day can run a biogas plant of 8–10 m
3 which can yield 1.5–
2 m
3 biogas per day, enough for the family of 6–8 persons, can cook a meal for 2
or 3 times or may light two lamps for 3 h or run a refrigerator for all day and can
also operate a 3-KW motor-generator for 1 h (Stanley et al. 2013). Earlier, Ranade
et al. (1990) analyzed the effect of different total solid contents on biogas production
and reported that the optimum production occurred at 8%. Interestingly, Garg et al.
(2005) reported that buffalo dung contained 22.3% solid contents. A 1-m
3 biogas
plant produced 28.78 l/kg (0.028 m
3 ) to 32.76 l/kg (0.032 m
3 ) of biogas, respectively,
when daily feed with 22 kg of dung/m
3 which is mixed with an equal amount of water
81
4.3 Dung: Bioresource of Energy
At present, the consciousness of organic matter and the concept of sustainable
agriculture have been achieving impetus among Indian farmers to produce good
quality consumable agricultural products (Eastman et al. 2001). Natural resources
to generate energy always proved to be an important issue in the enhancement of
the economy of India. In this context animal waste can be cost-effectively used to
produce energy while contributing a significant portion of energy independence, and
reducing disposal costs and pollution (Kemausuor et al. 2016).
As stated earlier, the availability of animal dung is produced in large quantities, thus forms a sound base for nonconventional energy. Chynoweth et al. (1993)
suggested as potential sources of biogas production include cattle waste, buffalo
waste, piggery waste, chicken waste including human excreta. Due to an abundance
of dung availability and rich in organic matter, it is easily accessible for biogas
production and acts as a rich habitat for various microbes such as methanogens,
hydrogen-producing, and cellulose-degrading bacteria. In India, methane is popularly called “gobar gas” and produced by anaerobic microorganisms. The scientists
engaged this work stated that organisms work synergistically that it can do more
than is estimated by “summing.” Although, a large number of facultative anaerobic
or obligate anaerobes have been involved in various microbial reactions for energy
(biogas) generation processes the exact role of individual organism is yet to be determined (Güllert et al. 2016). Some of the microorganisms involved in synthesizing
various products given in Table 4.2.
A diverse group of bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp., Azotobacter sp., and other
purple sulfur or purple non-sulfur bacteria is the main inhabitants of dung responsible
for the production of the maximum amount of methane gas in comparison to other
photosynthetic bacteria (Zhao et al. 2013). The anaerobic fermentation of animal
wastes does not require the addition of seed bacteria for biogas production, and
this feature differentiates animal waste from other organic wastes (Yokoyama et al.
2007). The animal waste on this planet produces around 55–65% methane, which
upon release in the atmosphere can affect global warming 21 times higher than the
rate CO 2 does (Abbasi et al. 2012).
Methanogens, a dominant heterogeneous group of and/or bacteria/archaea ferment
organic matter of the dung anaerobically produce biogas which is a mixture of
different gases mainly constitutes methane (50–65%) and CO 2 (25–45%). Dung
excreted by 3–5 cattle/day can run a biogas plant of 8–10 m
3 which can yield 1.5–
2 m
3 biogas per day, enough for the family of 6–8 persons, can cook a meal for 2
or 3 times or may light two lamps for 3 h or run a refrigerator for all day and can
also operate a 3-KW motor-generator for 1 h (Stanley et al. 2013). Earlier, Ranade
et al. (1990) analyzed the effect of different total solid contents on biogas production
and reported that the optimum production occurred at 8%. Interestingly, Garg et al.
(2005) reported that buffalo dung contained 22.3% solid contents. A 1-m
3 biogas
plant produced 28.78 l/kg (0.028 m
3 ) to 32.76 l/kg (0.032 m
3 ) of biogas, respectively,
when daily feed with 22 kg of dung/m
3 which is mixed with an equal amount of water