438
Index
Tantalum (Ta) (Continued)
production in 2010, 313
in rocks, 313
in soils, 313
in waters, 313–314
Technetium (Tc)
for clinical applications, 318
in environment, 317
in humans, 317–318
isotopes of, 318
oxidation states of, 317
oxidized species of, 317
radiological toxicity of, 318
99 Technetium-m labeled human serum albumin
(Tc-99m HSA), 318
Tellurium (Te)
in air, 320
in foodstuff, 321t
in humans, 320–322
in industrial sector, 319
minerals of, 319
oxidation state of, 319
in plants, 320
production in 2010, 319
in rocks, 319
in soils, 319–320
toxic effects of, 320–321
in waters, 320
Tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs), 321–322
Thallium (Tl)
in air, 325
in coal, 323
compounds of, 323
in foodstuff, 327t
in humans
absorption of, 326
dietary exposure to, 327
poisoning of, 326
in medicine, 323
minerals of, 323
oxidation state of, 323
in plants, 325
production in 2010, 323
in soils
anthropogenic sources from, 324
contents of, 324
in uncontaminated, 323
species of, 324
in waters, 324–325
Thallotoxicosis, 326
Thorium
in air, 383
in humans
contents of, 383
exposure to, 384
in plants, 383
production 1984, 382
in rocks, 382
in soils, 382
usages of, 382
in waters, 382–383
Tin (Sn)
in air, 330t, 331–332
in coal, 329
in Collybia peronata, 332
contents of, 331–332
in foodstuff, 333–334, 333t
in humans
absorption of, 332
concentration of, 332
dietary exposure to, 334
gastrointestinal effects of, 332
intake of, 334
occupational exposure to, 332
minerals of, 329
oxidation state of, 329
in plants, 332
production in 2010, 329
in soils, 329–330
in waters, 330–331, 330t
TiO 2 nanoparticles, 338
Titanium (Ti)
in air, 336t, 337
in humans
American dietary intake of, 339
exposure to, 338
minerals of, 335–336
oxidation state of, 335
in plants, 337–338
production in 2010, 335
in rocks, 335
in soils, 335–336, 336t
usages of, 335
in waters, 336–337, 336t
Tolerable daily intake (TDI) for U, 388
Total diet study (TDS), 334
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 218
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 52
Trimethylbismuth (TMBi), 38
Tungsten (W)
in air, 342
in animals, 344
bioavailability, 344
chronic exposure to, 343
in coal, 341
in fly ash, 341
in food, 344
in humans
acute toxic reactions of, 344
effects of, 343
minerals of, 341
oxidation state of, 341
in plants, 342–343
production in 2010, 341
Index
Tantalum (Ta) (Continued)
production in 2010, 313
in rocks, 313
in soils, 313
in waters, 313–314
Technetium (Tc)
for clinical applications, 318
in environment, 317
in humans, 317–318
isotopes of, 318
oxidation states of, 317
oxidized species of, 317
radiological toxicity of, 318
99 Technetium-m labeled human serum albumin
(Tc-99m HSA), 318
Tellurium (Te)
in air, 320
in foodstuff, 321t
in humans, 320–322
in industrial sector, 319
minerals of, 319
oxidation state of, 319
in plants, 320
production in 2010, 319
in rocks, 319
in soils, 319–320
toxic effects of, 320–321
in waters, 320
Tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs), 321–322
Thallium (Tl)
in air, 325
in coal, 323
compounds of, 323
in foodstuff, 327t
in humans
absorption of, 326
dietary exposure to, 327
poisoning of, 326
in medicine, 323
minerals of, 323
oxidation state of, 323
in plants, 325
production in 2010, 323
in soils
anthropogenic sources from, 324
contents of, 324
in uncontaminated, 323
species of, 324
in waters, 324–325
Thallotoxicosis, 326
Thorium
in air, 383
in humans
contents of, 383
exposure to, 384
in plants, 383
production 1984, 382
in rocks, 382
in soils, 382
usages of, 382
in waters, 382–383
Tin (Sn)
in air, 330t, 331–332
in coal, 329
in Collybia peronata, 332
contents of, 331–332
in foodstuff, 333–334, 333t
in humans
absorption of, 332
concentration of, 332
dietary exposure to, 334
gastrointestinal effects of, 332
intake of, 334
occupational exposure to, 332
minerals of, 329
oxidation state of, 329
in plants, 332
production in 2010, 329
in soils, 329–330
in waters, 330–331, 330t
TiO 2 nanoparticles, 338
Titanium (Ti)
in air, 336t, 337
in humans
American dietary intake of, 339
exposure to, 338
minerals of, 335–336
oxidation state of, 335
in plants, 337–338
production in 2010, 335
in rocks, 335
in soils, 335–336, 336t
usages of, 335
in waters, 336–337, 336t
Tolerable daily intake (TDI) for U, 388
Total diet study (TDS), 334
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 218
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 52
Trimethylbismuth (TMBi), 38
Tungsten (W)
in air, 342
in animals, 344
bioavailability, 344
chronic exposure to, 343
in coal, 341
in fly ash, 341
in food, 344
in humans
acute toxic reactions of, 344
effects of, 343
minerals of, 341
oxidation state of, 341
in plants, 342–343
production in 2010, 341