Index
439
in rocks, 341
in soils
contents of, 341
mobile species of, 342
toxicity of, 342
usages of, 341
in waters, 342
U
United Nations Scientific Committee
on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation, 390
Uranium (U)
in air, 387
drinking water, provisional guideline value
of, 386
in food, 389
in humans
body burden of, 387–388
dietary exposure to, 388
intake of, 388–389
tolerable daily intake (TDI) of, 388
toxic effects of, 388
isotopes of, 384
minerals of, 384
other uses of, 385
oxidation state of, 385
in plants, 387
production in 2010, 384
in rocks, 384
in soils, 385
in waters, 386–387, 386t
Urban wastewater (UWW), 99
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 33
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 52
V
Vanadium (V)
in air, 346t, 348
in coal, 345
in crude oil, 345
in foodstuff, 349, 350t
in humans
absorption of, 349
in diabetes treatment, 349
exposure of, 349
intake of, 350
role of, 349
toxicity of, 349
in industrial sector, 345
minerals of, 345
oxidation states of, 345
in plants
contents of, 348
from industrial regions, 349
ions of, 348
toxicity symptoms of, 348–349
production in 2010, 345
in rocks, 345
in soils
anionic species of, 346
contaminations of, 347
contents of, 345–346, 346t
in waters
concentration of, 346t, 347
species of, 347
W
Wolfram. See Tungsten (W)
World Health Organization (WHO), 237, 259,
286, 333, 359, 386
Y
Yttrium (Y)
in air, 352
in coal, 351
in fly ash, 351
in humans, 352–353
Hylocomium splendens, 352
intake of, 353
minerals of, 351
oxidation state of, 351
in plants, 352
production in 2010, 351
radioactive isotope of, 353
in rocks, 351
in soils, 351
in waters, 351–352
Z
Zinc (Zn)
in air
concentration of, 359
contents of, 356t
in street dust, 360
in animals, 364–365, 365t
in coal, 355
consumption of, 355
in crude oil, 355
deficiencies of, 357
in fly ash, 355
in food, 364
in humans
absorption of, 363
deficiency of, 362–363
dietary allowance of, 363
exposure to, 362
intake of, 363, 364
poisoning of, 363
439
in rocks, 341
in soils
contents of, 341
mobile species of, 342
toxicity of, 342
usages of, 341
in waters, 342
U
United Nations Scientific Committee
on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation, 390
Uranium (U)
in air, 387
drinking water, provisional guideline value
of, 386
in food, 389
in humans
body burden of, 387–388
dietary exposure to, 388
intake of, 388–389
tolerable daily intake (TDI) of, 388
toxic effects of, 388
isotopes of, 384
minerals of, 384
other uses of, 385
oxidation state of, 385
in plants, 387
production in 2010, 384
in rocks, 384
in soils, 385
in waters, 386–387, 386t
Urban wastewater (UWW), 99
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 33
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 52
V
Vanadium (V)
in air, 346t, 348
in coal, 345
in crude oil, 345
in foodstuff, 349, 350t
in humans
absorption of, 349
in diabetes treatment, 349
exposure of, 349
intake of, 350
role of, 349
toxicity of, 349
in industrial sector, 345
minerals of, 345
oxidation states of, 345
in plants
contents of, 348
from industrial regions, 349
ions of, 348
toxicity symptoms of, 348–349
production in 2010, 345
in rocks, 345
in soils
anionic species of, 346
contaminations of, 347
contents of, 345–346, 346t
in waters
concentration of, 346t, 347
species of, 347
W
Wolfram. See Tungsten (W)
World Health Organization (WHO), 237, 259,
286, 333, 359, 386
Y
Yttrium (Y)
in air, 352
in coal, 351
in fly ash, 351
in humans, 352–353
Hylocomium splendens, 352
intake of, 353
minerals of, 351
oxidation state of, 351
in plants, 352
production in 2010, 351
radioactive isotope of, 353
in rocks, 351
in soils, 351
in waters, 351–352
Z
Zinc (Zn)
in air
concentration of, 359
contents of, 356t
in street dust, 360
in animals, 364–365, 365t
in coal, 355
consumption of, 355
in crude oil, 355
deficiencies of, 357
in fly ash, 355
in food, 364
in humans
absorption of, 363
deficiency of, 362–363
dietary allowance of, 363
exposure to, 362
intake of, 363, 364
poisoning of, 363