Index
435
in plants
foodstuffs, 217
interactions between other elements
and, 216
toxicity of, 216
production in 2010, 213
in rocks, 213
in soils
contamination of, 215
contents of, 213, 214t
in waters, 214t, 215
Monomethylbismuth (MMBi), 38
N
Nanogold-based biomedical products, 134
National Toxicology Program, 388
Nickel (Ni)
in air, 221t, 225–226
in animals, 230
in food, 228
in humans
absorption of, 229
concentration of, 227
exposure to, 228–229
intake of, 229–230
source of, 228
in industrial sector, 221
oxidation state of, 221
in plants
in grains, 227
phytoavailability on, 226
toxicity of, 226–227
production in 2010, 221
in rocks, 221
in soils, 221–224, 221t
usages of, 221
in waters
concentration of, 224
contents of, 221t
in sediments, assessment limits of, 225
NIFE. See Barysphere
Niobium (Nb)
in air, 232, 232t
in coal, 231
in humans, 233
in industrial sector, 231
oxidation state of, 231
in plants, 233
production in 2010, 231
in rocks, 231
in soils, 231–232, 232t
toxicity of, 233
in waters, 232, 232t
Noble gas, 257
Noble metals, 131, 153, 243, 301
Nyssa sylvatica, 92
O
Organic matter (OM), 125, 141, 145, 159, 190, 201,
213, 221, 244, 302, 307, 319, 329, 357
Organotellurium compounds, 320–321
Osmarins, 236
Osmium (Os)
associated minerals of, 235
in environment, 235
in humans, 236
oxidation state of, 235
in rocks, 235
in waters, 235
Osmium carbohydrate polymers, 236
Osmium tetroxide (OsO 4 ), 235–236
P
Palladium (Pd)
in air, 238
in coal, 237
dietary exposure to, 241
in food, 240
in humans, 239–241
ions, 239–240
minerals of, 237
oxidation states of, 237
in plants, 238–239
production in 2010, 237
in soils, 237–238
usages of, 237
in waters, 238
Platinum (Pt)
in air, 245
in coal, 243
dietary exposure to, 247
emissions in Germany, 244
in foodstuff, 247t
in humans, 245–247
minerals of, 243
oxidation states of, 243
in plants, 245
platinosis, 246
production in 2010, 243
in rocks, 243
in soils, 243–244
toxicity and exposure of, 246
in waters, 244–245
Platinum group metals (PGMs), 235, 237, 243, 263
Plutonium (Pu)
annual discharge of, 391
concentrations of, 390, 391
contents of, 391
in environment, 390–391
in humans
absorption of, 391
body burden of, 391
435
in plants
foodstuffs, 217
interactions between other elements
and, 216
toxicity of, 216
production in 2010, 213
in rocks, 213
in soils
contamination of, 215
contents of, 213, 214t
in waters, 214t, 215
Monomethylbismuth (MMBi), 38
N
Nanogold-based biomedical products, 134
National Toxicology Program, 388
Nickel (Ni)
in air, 221t, 225–226
in animals, 230
in food, 228
in humans
absorption of, 229
concentration of, 227
exposure to, 228–229
intake of, 229–230
source of, 228
in industrial sector, 221
oxidation state of, 221
in plants
in grains, 227
phytoavailability on, 226
toxicity of, 226–227
production in 2010, 221
in rocks, 221
in soils, 221–224, 221t
usages of, 221
in waters
concentration of, 224
contents of, 221t
in sediments, assessment limits of, 225
NIFE. See Barysphere
Niobium (Nb)
in air, 232, 232t
in coal, 231
in humans, 233
in industrial sector, 231
oxidation state of, 231
in plants, 233
production in 2010, 231
in rocks, 231
in soils, 231–232, 232t
toxicity of, 233
in waters, 232, 232t
Noble gas, 257
Noble metals, 131, 153, 243, 301
Nyssa sylvatica, 92
O
Organic matter (OM), 125, 141, 145, 159, 190, 201,
213, 221, 244, 302, 307, 319, 329, 357
Organotellurium compounds, 320–321
Osmarins, 236
Osmium (Os)
associated minerals of, 235
in environment, 235
in humans, 236
oxidation state of, 235
in rocks, 235
in waters, 235
Osmium carbohydrate polymers, 236
Osmium tetroxide (OsO 4 ), 235–236
P
Palladium (Pd)
in air, 238
in coal, 237
dietary exposure to, 241
in food, 240
in humans, 239–241
ions, 239–240
minerals of, 237
oxidation states of, 237
in plants, 238–239
production in 2010, 237
in soils, 237–238
usages of, 237
in waters, 238
Platinum (Pt)
in air, 245
in coal, 243
dietary exposure to, 247
emissions in Germany, 244
in foodstuff, 247t
in humans, 245–247
minerals of, 243
oxidation states of, 243
in plants, 245
platinosis, 246
production in 2010, 243
in rocks, 243
in soils, 243–244
toxicity and exposure of, 246
in waters, 244–245
Platinum group metals (PGMs), 235, 237, 243, 263
Plutonium (Pu)
annual discharge of, 391
concentrations of, 390, 391
contents of, 391
in environment, 390–391
in humans
absorption of, 391
body burden of, 391