Index
429
in soils
contents of, 39, 40t
remediation process, 40
in waters
concentration of, 40–41
contents in, 40t
species of, 41
Brachytherapy, 255
Brominated flame retardant (BFR), 47, 51
Bromine (Br)
ADI for, 52
in air, 48t, 49
in coal, 47
compounds for, 47
extracted from, 47
in food additives, 52
in food products, 51t
in humans
absorption of, 50
hazards of, 50
health effects of, 50
intake of, 52
inorganic, 50
intake of, 52
minerals of, 47
organic, 50
oxidation state of, 47
in plants
natural contents in, 49
symptoms of toxicity, 50
toxicity resistant, 49
production in 2010, 47
in rocks, 47
in soils
anthropogenic sources of, 48
concentration of, 47–48
contents in, 48t
in waters, 48t, 49
C
Cadmium (Cd)
in air, 54t, 57–58
in animals, 63, 63t
in coal, 53
in foodstuff, 62t
in humans
absorption of, 60–61
blood concentration, 60
chicken diet with Se, 63
dietary exposures to, 62
effect of consuming, 61
toxicity of, 61
in industrial sector, 53
microorganisms bonding with, 54
minerals of, 53
oxidation state of, 53
in plants
concentration of, 59
contents of plants grown in contaminated
sites, 60t
distribution of, 58
elements interact with, 59
levels of food plants, 59
production in 2010, 53
in rocks, 53, 56
in soils
concentration of, 53–54
contamination with, 54, 55f, 56
contents of, 54t
fixation, 54–55
sources of, 55–56
speciation, 54–55
in waters
atmospheric inputs to ocean, 56–57
bottom sediments of, 57
concentration of, 56
in sediments, assessment limits of, 57
Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), 175
Cesium (Cs)
in air, 66, 66t
in coal, 65
in food, 69–70
in humans, 69–70
minerals of, 65
in plants, 66–67
in rocks, 65
in soils, 65–66, 66t
usages of, 65
in waters
concentration of, 65–66
contents of, 66t
Cesium isotopes, 67–70
in air, 68
in plants, 68
radioisotopes, 67, 69
radionuclides of, 67–70
in soils, 67–68
survey on long-lived artificial
radionuclides, 70
in waters, 68
Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, 1986,
67, 68, 147, 390–391
Chloride dioxide, 71
Chlorine (Cl)
in air, 72t, 73
chemical properties of, 71
in humans
excess level of, 75
exposure effects of, 74
intake of, 75
ions, 75
in limestones, 71
minerals of, 71
429
in soils
contents of, 39, 40t
remediation process, 40
in waters
concentration of, 40–41
contents in, 40t
species of, 41
Brachytherapy, 255
Brominated flame retardant (BFR), 47, 51
Bromine (Br)
ADI for, 52
in air, 48t, 49
in coal, 47
compounds for, 47
extracted from, 47
in food additives, 52
in food products, 51t
in humans
absorption of, 50
hazards of, 50
health effects of, 50
intake of, 52
inorganic, 50
intake of, 52
minerals of, 47
organic, 50
oxidation state of, 47
in plants
natural contents in, 49
symptoms of toxicity, 50
toxicity resistant, 49
production in 2010, 47
in rocks, 47
in soils
anthropogenic sources of, 48
concentration of, 47–48
contents in, 48t
in waters, 48t, 49
C
Cadmium (Cd)
in air, 54t, 57–58
in animals, 63, 63t
in coal, 53
in foodstuff, 62t
in humans
absorption of, 60–61
blood concentration, 60
chicken diet with Se, 63
dietary exposures to, 62
effect of consuming, 61
toxicity of, 61
in industrial sector, 53
microorganisms bonding with, 54
minerals of, 53
oxidation state of, 53
in plants
concentration of, 59
contents of plants grown in contaminated
sites, 60t
distribution of, 58
elements interact with, 59
levels of food plants, 59
production in 2010, 53
in rocks, 53, 56
in soils
concentration of, 53–54
contamination with, 54, 55f, 56
contents of, 54t
fixation, 54–55
sources of, 55–56
speciation, 54–55
in waters
atmospheric inputs to ocean, 56–57
bottom sediments of, 57
concentration of, 56
in sediments, assessment limits of, 57
Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), 175
Cesium (Cs)
in air, 66, 66t
in coal, 65
in food, 69–70
in humans, 69–70
minerals of, 65
in plants, 66–67
in rocks, 65
in soils, 65–66, 66t
usages of, 65
in waters
concentration of, 65–66
contents of, 66t
Cesium isotopes, 67–70
in air, 68
in plants, 68
radioisotopes, 67, 69
radionuclides of, 67–70
in soils, 67–68
survey on long-lived artificial
radionuclides, 70
in waters, 68
Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, 1986,
67, 68, 147, 390–391
Chloride dioxide, 71
Chlorine (Cl)
in air, 72t, 73
chemical properties of, 71
in humans
excess level of, 75
exposure effects of, 74
intake of, 75
ions, 75
in limestones, 71
minerals of, 71