430
Index
Chlorine (Cl) (Continued)
oxidation state of, 71
in plants, 73–74
production in 2010, 71
in rocks, 71
in sandstones, 71
in soils, 72, 72t
sources from, 72
transportation of, 73
uses of, 71
in waters, 72t, 73
Chromium (Cr)
in air, 78t, 81–82
in animals, 85
in coal, 77
in fly ash, 77
in foodstuff, 80t, 84
in humans
concentration of, 83
deficiencies of, 84
health effects of, 83
supplementation of, 84
in industrial sector, 77
industrial wastes containing, 79
minerals of, 77
oxidation states of, 77
peat capacity of, 78
in plants, 82
production in 2010, 77
in rocks, 77
in soils
concentration in, 79
contamination from industrial
sources, 79
contents of, 77–78, 78t
ionic species of, 78
mobile species of, 78, 79
source of pollution, 77
supplementation, 84–85
in waters
concentration of, 79–80
contents of, 78t, 80–81
drinking water, provisional guideline
value of, 81
Cisplatin, 246
Clean Air Act, 1970, 167
Clean technology, 302
Cobalt (Co)
in air, 88t, 91
in animals, 93–95
in foodstuff, 94t
in humans
dietary intake of, 93
exposure to, 93
health effects of, 93
in medical treatment, 93
oxidation state of, 87
in plants
contents of, 91
deficiency of, 91–92
production in 2010, 87
in rocks, 87
in soils
contamination of, 89t
contents of, 88t, 89
deficiency in animals, 89
speciation, 89
in waters, 88t, 90
Collard, 348
Coltan, 313
Copper (Cu)
in air, 102
in animals
deficiency symptoms of, 105–106
in organs of different species of, 107t
role of, 105
in coal, 97
in fly ash, 97
in food, 106t
in humans
biochemical role of, 104
concentration of, 104
deficiency of, 105
dietary interactions of, 105
minerals of, 97
oxidation state of, 97
phytoavailability of, 99
in plants
contents of, 103
deficiency of, 103
food plants in United States
contain, 104
interaction between trace elements
and, 103
role of, 103
symptoms of toxicity, 103
production in 2010, 97
in rocks, 97
in soils
agricultural input of, 99
concentration of, 98
contamination of, 100t
contents of, 97, 98t
usages of, 97
in waters
concentration of, 101–102
content of, 101–102
in sediments, assessment limits
for, 101
speciation of, 101
Cyanogenic plants, 132
Cytochrome c oxidase, 104