140
Bacterial Cellulose
The.calcium.phosphate.did.not.take.any.ordered.shape.on.the.surface.of.
the. nonordered. p-cellulose. template. as. a. reference. for. p-NOC,. although.
large. amounts. of. calcium. phosphate. were. also. formed. over. the. surface.
(see the.SEM.image.in.the.bottom.right.of.Figure 6.16)..In.addition,.the.FFT.
image.of.the.nonordered.cellulose.template.exhibited.randomly.distributed.
spots,.indicating.that.the.deposition.pattern.of.the.calcium.phosphate.on.the.
non. ordered. template. was. not. induced. in. a. preferable. manner.. This. result.
strongly. suggests. that. the. p-NOC. surface. encourages. uniaxially. oriented.
ous.that.the.surface.orientation.of.the.p-NOC.template.mediated.the.orientation. of. the. calcium. phosphate,. because. of. the. correspondence. with. each.
other..However,.the.orientation.of.the.inorganic.deposits.on.the.p-NOC.surface.tended.to.be.reduced.with.the.longer.reaction.time.(Figure 6.16a–6.16c).
Furthermore,.the.particle.size.of.the.calcium.phosphate.on.the.p-NOC.template.was.smaller.than.that.on.the.nonordered.p-cellulose.template..It was.
presumably. because. 3D. mineral. deposition. and. its. growth. tended. to. be.
inhibited.by.the.close.contact.of.the.uniaxially.oriented.cellulose.molecular.
chains.on.p-NOC..The.deposition.of.calcium.phosphate.was.mostly.limited.
to.the.orientation.direction.of.the.cellulose.molecular.chain,.and.thereby.the.
tion.of.p-NOC..It.was.a.similar.mechanism.to.biomineralization.with.inhibition.of.the.3D.crystalline.growth.and.the.arrangement.of.the.mineral.shape.
mediated.by.oriented.scaffolds.such.as.collagen.or.chitin.(Kato.et.al..2002;.
Rho.et.al..1998)..Thus.the.p-NOC.template.is.a.biomimic.template.in.terms.of.
inducing.the.orientation.of.calcium.phosphate,.as.well.as.a.phosphate.anion.
supplier.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
The Future
In.biological.systems,.skeletal.materials.such.as.cell.walls,.bones,.and.shells.
are.made.primarily.of.a.nanoscale.building.block.of.polysaccharides,.proteins,.and.inorganic.salts..The.assembly.of.these.building.blocks.facilitates.the.
production.of.a.hierarchical.framework.structure..The.formation.. dynamics.
observed.in.this.NOC.could.be.applicable.to.the.design.of.nanoscale,.controlled,.hierarchically.structured.materials.with.specific.properties..We.have.
employed.a.biological.system.combined.with.a.polymer.platform.having.an.
NOC-like.surface.in.order.to.directly.fabricate.hierarchically.ordered.materials. from. the. nano. level. up. to. the. micron. level.. Such. a. surface. property.
would.greatly.extend.the.possibilities.of.cellulose.use.to.new.areas..Thus,.if.a.
nano-/micropatterned.film.having.similar.surface.characteristics.as.an.NOC.
can.be.fabricated,.the.3D-patterned.materials.will.be.built.up.by.mediation.of.
the.cellulose.or.related.scaffolds,.and.thereby.widely.appreciated.and.used.
Bacterial Cellulose
The.calcium.phosphate.did.not.take.any.ordered.shape.on.the.surface.of.
the. nonordered. p-cellulose. template. as. a. reference. for. p-NOC,. although.
large. amounts. of. calcium. phosphate. were. also. formed. over. the. surface.
(see the.SEM.image.in.the.bottom.right.of.Figure 6.16)..In.addition,.the.FFT.
image.of.the.nonordered.cellulose.template.exhibited.randomly.distributed.
spots,.indicating.that.the.deposition.pattern.of.the.calcium.phosphate.on.the.
non. ordered. template. was. not. induced. in. a. preferable. manner.. This. result.
strongly. suggests. that. the. p-NOC. surface. encourages. uniaxially. oriented.
ous.that.the.surface.orientation.of.the.p-NOC.template.mediated.the.orientation. of. the. calcium. phosphate,. because. of. the. correspondence. with. each.
other..However,.the.orientation.of.the.inorganic.deposits.on.the.p-NOC.surface.tended.to.be.reduced.with.the.longer.reaction.time.(Figure 6.16a–6.16c).
Furthermore,.the.particle.size.of.the.calcium.phosphate.on.the.p-NOC.template.was.smaller.than.that.on.the.nonordered.p-cellulose.template..It was.
presumably. because. 3D. mineral. deposition. and. its. growth. tended. to. be.
inhibited.by.the.close.contact.of.the.uniaxially.oriented.cellulose.molecular.
chains.on.p-NOC..The.deposition.of.calcium.phosphate.was.mostly.limited.
to.the.orientation.direction.of.the.cellulose.molecular.chain,.and.thereby.the.
tion.of.p-NOC..It.was.a.similar.mechanism.to.biomineralization.with.inhibition.of.the.3D.crystalline.growth.and.the.arrangement.of.the.mineral.shape.
mediated.by.oriented.scaffolds.such.as.collagen.or.chitin.(Kato.et.al..2002;.
Rho.et.al..1998)..Thus.the.p-NOC.template.is.a.biomimic.template.in.terms.of.
inducing.the.orientation.of.calcium.phosphate,.as.well.as.a.phosphate.anion.
supplier.(Higashi.and.Kondo.2012).
The Future
In.biological.systems,.skeletal.materials.such.as.cell.walls,.bones,.and.shells.
are.made.primarily.of.a.nanoscale.building.block.of.polysaccharides,.proteins,.and.inorganic.salts..The.assembly.of.these.building.blocks.facilitates.the.
production.of.a.hierarchical.framework.structure..The.formation.. dynamics.
observed.in.this.NOC.could.be.applicable.to.the.design.of.nanoscale,.controlled,.hierarchically.structured.materials.with.specific.properties..We.have.
employed.a.biological.system.combined.with.a.polymer.platform.having.an.
NOC-like.surface.in.order.to.directly.fabricate.hierarchically.ordered.materials. from. the. nano. level. up. to. the. micron. level.. Such. a. surface. property.
would.greatly.extend.the.possibilities.of.cellulose.use.to.new.areas..Thus,.if.a.
nano-/micropatterned.film.having.similar.surface.characteristics.as.an.NOC.
can.be.fabricated,.the.3D-patterned.materials.will.be.built.up.by.mediation.of.
the.cellulose.or.related.scaffolds,.and.thereby.widely.appreciated.and.used.