41
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
Shen, M.M., Schier, A.F., 2000. The EGF-CFC gene family in vertebrate development. Trends Genet 16, 303–309.
Shuttleworth, J., Colman, A., 1988. Antisense oligonucleotidedirected cleavage of mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and eggs.
The EMBO Journal 7, 427–434.
Shuttleworth, J., Matthews, G., Dale, L., Baker, C., Colman, A.,
1988. Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed cleavage
of maternal mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. Gene
72, 267–275.
Sindelka, R., Abaffy, P., Qu, Y., Tomankova, S., Sidova, M.,
Naraine, R., Kolar, M., Peuchen, E., Sun, L., Dovichi, N.,
Kubista, M., 2018. Asymmetric distribution of biomolecules
of maternal origin in the Xenopus laevis egg and their impact
on the developmental plan. Scientif c Reports 8, 8315.
Sinner, D., Rankin, S., Lee, M., Zorn, A.M., 2004. Sox17 and
β-catenin cooperate to regulate the transcription of endodermal genes. Development 131, 3069–3080.
Smith, L.D., Ecker, R.E., 1965. Protein synthesis in enucleated
eggs of Rana pipiens. Science 150, 777–779.
Smith, L.D., Ecker, R.E., Subtelny, S., 1968. In vitro induction of
physiological maturation in Rana pipiens oocytes removed
from their ovarian follicles. Developmental Biology 17, 627–
643.
Smorag, L., Xu, X., Engel, W., Pantakani, D.V.K., 2014. The roles
of DAZL in RNA biology and development. Wiley Interdiscip
Rev Rna 5, 527–535.
Snir, M., Ofr, R., Elias, S., Frank, D., 2006. Xenopus laevis POU91
protein, an Oct3/4 homologue, regulates competence transitions from mesoderm to neural cell fates. The EMBO Journal
25, 3664–3674.
Spemann, H., 1938. Embryo Development and Induction. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Spemann, H., 1924. Vererbung und Entwicklungsmechanik.
Naturwissenschaften 12, 65–79.
Spemann, H., 1921. Die Erzeugung tierischer Chimären durch
heteroplastische embryonale Transplantation zwischen
Triton cristatus und taeniatus. Wilhelm Roux’ Archiv für
Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 48, 533–570.
Spemann, H., 1903. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. III. Archiv Für Entwicklungsmechanik Der Org
16, 551–631.
Spemann, H., 1902. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. II. Wilhelm Roux’Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik
der Organismen 15, 448–534.
Spemann, H., 1901. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. I. Wilhelm Roux’Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik
der Organismen 12, 224–264.
Spemann, H., Mangold, 1924. Uber Induktion von Embryonenanlagen
durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren. Wilhelm Roux’
Arch. EntwMech. Org. 100, 599–638.
Standley, H.J., Destree, O., Kofron, M., Wylie, C.C., Heasman,
J., 2006. Maternal XTcf1 and XTcf4 have distinct roles in
regulating Wnt target genes. Developmental Biology 289,
318–328.
Stennard, F., Carnac, G., Gurdon, J.B., 1996. The Xenopus T-box
gene, Antipodean, encodes a vegetally localised maternal
mRNA and can trigger mesoderm formation. Development
122, 4179–4188.
Sudarwati, S., Nieuwkoop, P.D., 1971. Mesoderm formation in the
anuran Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Development Genes and
Evolution 166, 189–204.
Summerton, J., Weller, D., 1997. Morpholino antisense oligomers:
Design, preparation, and properties. Antisense Nucleic Acid
Drug Dev 7, 187–195.
Suri, C., Haremaki, T., Weinstein, D.C., 2005. Xema, a foxi-class
gene expressed in the gastrula stage Xenopus ectoderm, is
required for the suppression of mesendoderm. Development
132, 2733–2742.
Tada, H., Mochii, M., Orii, H., Watanabe, K., 2012. Ectopic formation of primordial germ cells by transplantation of the
germ plasm: Direct evidence for germ cell determinant in
Xenopus. Developmental Biology 371, 86–93.
Tadjuidje, E., Cha, S.-W., Louza, M., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 2011.
The functions of maternal Dishevelled 2 and 3 in the early
Xenopus embryo. Developmental Dynamics 240, 1727–1736.
Taelman, V.F., Dobrowolski, R., Plouhinec, J.-L., Fuentealba, L.C.,
Vorwald, P.P., Gumper, I., Sabatini, D.D., Robertis, E.M.D.,
2010. Wnt signaling requires sequestration of glycogen synthase
kinase 3 inside multivesicular endosomes. Cell 143, 1136–1148.
Takahashi, S., Yokota, C., Takano, K., Tanegashima, K., Onuma, Y.,
Goto, J., Asashima, M., 2000. Two novel nodal-related genes
initiate early inductive events in Xenopus Nieuwkoop center.
Development 127, 5319–5329.
Tanaka, C., Sakuma, R., Nakamura, T., Hamada, H., Saijoh, Y.,
2007. Long-range action of Nodal requires interaction with
GDF1. Genes & Development 21, 3272–3282.
Tao, Q., Yokota, C., Puck, H., Kofron, M., Birsoy, B., Yan, D.,
Asashima, M., Wylie, C.C., Lin, X., Heasman, J., 2005.
Maternal Wnt11 activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway required for axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell
120, 857–871.
Tarbashevich, K., Koebernick, K., Pieler, T., 2007. XGRIP2.1 is
encoded by a vegetally localizing, maternal mRNA and functions in germ cell development and anteroposterior PGC
positioning in Xenopus laevis. Developmental Biology 311,
554–565.
Taverner, N.V., Kofron, M., Shin, Y., Kabitschke, C., Gilchrist,
M.J., Wylie, C., Cho, K.W.Y., Heasman, J., Smith, J.C., 2005.
Microarray-based identif cation of VegT targets in Xenopus.
Mech Develop 122, 333–354.
Teegala, S., Chauhan, R., Lei, E., Weinstein, D.C., 2018. Tbx2 is
required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early
Xenopus development. Dev Dynam 247, 903–913.
Torpey, N., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 1992. Function of maternal
cytokeratin in Xenopus development. Nature 357, 413–415.
Tyler, A., 1965. The biology and chemistry of fertilization. Am Nat
99, 309–334.
Vastenhouw, N.L., Cao, W.X., Lipshitz, H.D., 2019. The maternalto-zygotic transition revisited. Development 146, dev161471.
Vleminckx, K., Wong, E., Guger, K., Rubinfeld, B., Polakis, P.,
Gumbiner, B.M., 1997. Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor
suppressor protein has signaling activity in Xenopus laevis
embryos resulting in the induction of an ectopic dorsoanterior axis. The Journal of Cell Biology 136, 411–420.
Wakahara, M., 1977. Partial characterization of “primordial germ
cell-forming activity” localized in vegetal pole cytoplasm in
anuran eggs. Development 39, 221–233.
Wang, H., Fang, J., Kuang, X., Miao, L., Wang, C., Xia, G., King,
M.L., Zhang, J., 2012. Activity of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase is required for maintaining meiotic arrest in Xenopus
laevis. Biology of Reproduction 87, 74.
Wang, S., Krinks, M., Lin, K., Luyten, F., Moos, M., 1997. Frzb, a
secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds
and inhibits Wnt-8. Cell 88, 757–766.
Weaver, C., Farr, G.H., Pan, W., Rowning, B.A., Wang, J., Mao,
J., Wu, D., Li, L., Larabell, C.A., Kimelman, D., 2003. GBP
binds kinesin light chain and translocates during cortical
rotation in Xenopus eggs. Development 130, 5425–5436.
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
Shen, M.M., Schier, A.F., 2000. The EGF-CFC gene family in vertebrate development. Trends Genet 16, 303–309.
Shuttleworth, J., Colman, A., 1988. Antisense oligonucleotidedirected cleavage of mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and eggs.
The EMBO Journal 7, 427–434.
Shuttleworth, J., Matthews, G., Dale, L., Baker, C., Colman, A.,
1988. Antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide-directed cleavage
of maternal mRNA in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. Gene
72, 267–275.
Sindelka, R., Abaffy, P., Qu, Y., Tomankova, S., Sidova, M.,
Naraine, R., Kolar, M., Peuchen, E., Sun, L., Dovichi, N.,
Kubista, M., 2018. Asymmetric distribution of biomolecules
of maternal origin in the Xenopus laevis egg and their impact
on the developmental plan. Scientif c Reports 8, 8315.
Sinner, D., Rankin, S., Lee, M., Zorn, A.M., 2004. Sox17 and
β-catenin cooperate to regulate the transcription of endodermal genes. Development 131, 3069–3080.
Smith, L.D., Ecker, R.E., 1965. Protein synthesis in enucleated
eggs of Rana pipiens. Science 150, 777–779.
Smith, L.D., Ecker, R.E., Subtelny, S., 1968. In vitro induction of
physiological maturation in Rana pipiens oocytes removed
from their ovarian follicles. Developmental Biology 17, 627–
643.
Smorag, L., Xu, X., Engel, W., Pantakani, D.V.K., 2014. The roles
of DAZL in RNA biology and development. Wiley Interdiscip
Rev Rna 5, 527–535.
Snir, M., Ofr, R., Elias, S., Frank, D., 2006. Xenopus laevis POU91
protein, an Oct3/4 homologue, regulates competence transitions from mesoderm to neural cell fates. The EMBO Journal
25, 3664–3674.
Spemann, H., 1938. Embryo Development and Induction. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Spemann, H., 1924. Vererbung und Entwicklungsmechanik.
Naturwissenschaften 12, 65–79.
Spemann, H., 1921. Die Erzeugung tierischer Chimären durch
heteroplastische embryonale Transplantation zwischen
Triton cristatus und taeniatus. Wilhelm Roux’ Archiv für
Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 48, 533–570.
Spemann, H., 1903. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. III. Archiv Für Entwicklungsmechanik Der Org
16, 551–631.
Spemann, H., 1902. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. II. Wilhelm Roux’Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik
der Organismen 15, 448–534.
Spemann, H., 1901. Entwickelungsphysiologische Studien am
Triton-Ei. I. Wilhelm Roux’Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik
der Organismen 12, 224–264.
Spemann, H., Mangold, 1924. Uber Induktion von Embryonenanlagen
durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren. Wilhelm Roux’
Arch. EntwMech. Org. 100, 599–638.
Standley, H.J., Destree, O., Kofron, M., Wylie, C.C., Heasman,
J., 2006. Maternal XTcf1 and XTcf4 have distinct roles in
regulating Wnt target genes. Developmental Biology 289,
318–328.
Stennard, F., Carnac, G., Gurdon, J.B., 1996. The Xenopus T-box
gene, Antipodean, encodes a vegetally localised maternal
mRNA and can trigger mesoderm formation. Development
122, 4179–4188.
Sudarwati, S., Nieuwkoop, P.D., 1971. Mesoderm formation in the
anuran Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Development Genes and
Evolution 166, 189–204.
Summerton, J., Weller, D., 1997. Morpholino antisense oligomers:
Design, preparation, and properties. Antisense Nucleic Acid
Drug Dev 7, 187–195.
Suri, C., Haremaki, T., Weinstein, D.C., 2005. Xema, a foxi-class
gene expressed in the gastrula stage Xenopus ectoderm, is
required for the suppression of mesendoderm. Development
132, 2733–2742.
Tada, H., Mochii, M., Orii, H., Watanabe, K., 2012. Ectopic formation of primordial germ cells by transplantation of the
germ plasm: Direct evidence for germ cell determinant in
Xenopus. Developmental Biology 371, 86–93.
Tadjuidje, E., Cha, S.-W., Louza, M., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 2011.
The functions of maternal Dishevelled 2 and 3 in the early
Xenopus embryo. Developmental Dynamics 240, 1727–1736.
Taelman, V.F., Dobrowolski, R., Plouhinec, J.-L., Fuentealba, L.C.,
Vorwald, P.P., Gumper, I., Sabatini, D.D., Robertis, E.M.D.,
2010. Wnt signaling requires sequestration of glycogen synthase
kinase 3 inside multivesicular endosomes. Cell 143, 1136–1148.
Takahashi, S., Yokota, C., Takano, K., Tanegashima, K., Onuma, Y.,
Goto, J., Asashima, M., 2000. Two novel nodal-related genes
initiate early inductive events in Xenopus Nieuwkoop center.
Development 127, 5319–5329.
Tanaka, C., Sakuma, R., Nakamura, T., Hamada, H., Saijoh, Y.,
2007. Long-range action of Nodal requires interaction with
GDF1. Genes & Development 21, 3272–3282.
Tao, Q., Yokota, C., Puck, H., Kofron, M., Birsoy, B., Yan, D.,
Asashima, M., Wylie, C.C., Lin, X., Heasman, J., 2005.
Maternal Wnt11 activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway required for axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell
120, 857–871.
Tarbashevich, K., Koebernick, K., Pieler, T., 2007. XGRIP2.1 is
encoded by a vegetally localizing, maternal mRNA and functions in germ cell development and anteroposterior PGC
positioning in Xenopus laevis. Developmental Biology 311,
554–565.
Taverner, N.V., Kofron, M., Shin, Y., Kabitschke, C., Gilchrist,
M.J., Wylie, C., Cho, K.W.Y., Heasman, J., Smith, J.C., 2005.
Microarray-based identif cation of VegT targets in Xenopus.
Mech Develop 122, 333–354.
Teegala, S., Chauhan, R., Lei, E., Weinstein, D.C., 2018. Tbx2 is
required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early
Xenopus development. Dev Dynam 247, 903–913.
Torpey, N., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 1992. Function of maternal
cytokeratin in Xenopus development. Nature 357, 413–415.
Tyler, A., 1965. The biology and chemistry of fertilization. Am Nat
99, 309–334.
Vastenhouw, N.L., Cao, W.X., Lipshitz, H.D., 2019. The maternalto-zygotic transition revisited. Development 146, dev161471.
Vleminckx, K., Wong, E., Guger, K., Rubinfeld, B., Polakis, P.,
Gumbiner, B.M., 1997. Adenomatous polyposis coli tumor
suppressor protein has signaling activity in Xenopus laevis
embryos resulting in the induction of an ectopic dorsoanterior axis. The Journal of Cell Biology 136, 411–420.
Wakahara, M., 1977. Partial characterization of “primordial germ
cell-forming activity” localized in vegetal pole cytoplasm in
anuran eggs. Development 39, 221–233.
Wang, H., Fang, J., Kuang, X., Miao, L., Wang, C., Xia, G., King,
M.L., Zhang, J., 2012. Activity of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase is required for maintaining meiotic arrest in Xenopus
laevis. Biology of Reproduction 87, 74.
Wang, S., Krinks, M., Lin, K., Luyten, F., Moos, M., 1997. Frzb, a
secreted protein expressed in the Spemann organizer, binds
and inhibits Wnt-8. Cell 88, 757–766.
Weaver, C., Farr, G.H., Pan, W., Rowning, B.A., Wang, J., Mao,
J., Wu, D., Li, L., Larabell, C.A., Kimelman, D., 2003. GBP
binds kinesin light chain and translocates during cortical
rotation in Xenopus eggs. Development 130, 5425–5436.