39
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
primordial germ-cell and haploid gamete formation. Nature
462, 222–225.
Kennedy, M.W., Cha, S.-W., Tadjuidje, E., Andrews, P.G.,
Heasman, J., Kao, K.R., 2010. A co-dependent requirement
of xBcl9 and Pygopus for embryonic body axis development
in Xenopus. Developmental Dynamics 239, 271–283.
Kessler, D.S., Melton, D.A., 1995. Induction of dorsal mesoderm by soluble, mature Vg1 protein. Dev Camb Engl 121,
2155–2164.
King, M.L., Barklis, E., 1985. Regional distribution of maternal
messenger RNA in the amphibian oocyte. Developmental
Biology 112, 203–212.
King, M.L., Messitt, T.J., Mowry, K.L., 2005. Putting RNAs in the
right place at the right time: RNA localization in the frog
oocyte. Biology of the Cell 97, 19–33.
Kirilenko, P., Weierud, F.K., Zorn, A.M., Woodland, H.R., 2008.
The effciency of Xenopus primordial germ cell migration
depends on the germplasm mRNA encoding the PDZ domain
protein Grip2. Differentiation 76, 392–403.
Kloc, M., 2009. Teachings from the egg: New and unexpected
functions of RNAs. Mol Reprod Dev 76, 922–932.
Kloc, M., Chan, A.P., 2007. Centroid, a novel putative DEAD-box
RNA helicase maternal mRNA, is localized in the mitochondrial cloud in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The International
Journal of Developmental Biology 51, 701–706.
Kloc, M., Etkin, L.D., 1995. Two distinct pathways for the localization of RNAs at the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes.
Development 121, 287–297.
Kloc, M., Larabell, C., Chan, A.P., Etkin, L.D., 1998. Contribution
of METRO pathway localized molecules to the organization of
the germ cell lineage. Mechanisms of Development 75, 81–93.
Kloc, M., Larabell, C., Etkin, L.D., 1996. Elaboration of the messenger transport organizer pathway for localization of RNA
to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. Developmental
Biology 180, 119–130.
Kloc, M., Spohr, G., Etkin, L.D., 1993. Translocation of repetitive
RNA sequences with the germ plasm in Xenopus oocytes.
Science 262, 1712–1714.
Kofron, M., Klein, P., Zhang, F., Houston, D.W., Schaible, K.,
Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 2001. The role of maternal axin
in patterning the Xenopus embryo. Developmental Biology
237, 183–201.
Kofron, M., Xanthos, J.B., Sun, B., Sive, H., Osada, S., Wright,
C.V.E., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 1999. Mesoderm
induction in Xenopus is a zygotic event regulated by
maternal VegT via TGFbeta growth factors. Development
126, 5759–5770.
Ku, M., Melton, D.A., 1993. Xwnt-11: A maternally expressed
Xenopus wnt gene. Development 119, 1161–1173.
Lai, F., Singh, A., King, M.L., 2012. Xenopus Nanos1 is required
to prevent endoderm gene expression and apoptosis in
primordial germ cells. Development 139, 1476–1486.
Lee, M.A., Heasman, J., Whitman, M., 2001. Timing of endogenous activin-like signals and regional specifcation of the
Xenopus embryo. Development 128, 2939–2952.
Lee, S.Y., Mendecki, J., Brawerman, G., 1971. A polynucleotide
segment rich in adenylic acid in the rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA component of mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells.
Proc National Acad Sci 68, 1331–1335.
Lewis, R.A., Kress, T.L., Cote, C.A., Gautreau, D., Rokop,
M.E., Mowry, K.L., 2004. Conserved and clustered RNA
recognition sequences are a critical feature of signals
directing RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes. Mechanisms
of Development 121, 101–109.
Leyns, L., Bouwmeester, T., Kim, S.H., Piccolo, S., Robertis,
E.M.D., 1997. Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. Cell 88, 747–756.
Livigni, A., Peradziryi, H., Sharov, A.A., Chia, G., Hammachi, F.,
Migueles, R.P., Sukparangsi, W., Pernagallo, S., Bradley,
M., Nichols, J., Ko, M.S.H., Brickman, J.M., 2013. A conserved Oct4/POUV-dependent network links adhesion and
migration to progenitor maintenance. Current Biology 23,
2233–2244.
Lustig, K.D., Kroll, K.L., Sun, E.E., Kirschner, M.W., 1996.
Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi)
involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation. Development 122, 4001–4012.
MacArthur, H., Houston, D.W., Bubunenko, M., Mosquera, L.,
King, M.L., 2000. DEADSouth is a germ plasm specif c
DEAD-box RNA helicase in Xenopus related to eIF4A.
Mech Develop 95, 291–295.
Marikawa, Y., Elinson, R.P., 1999. Relationship of vegetal cortical
dorsal factors in the Xenopus egg with the Wnt/beta-catenin
signaling pathway. Mechanisms of Development 89, 93–102.
Medioni, C., Mowry, K., Besse, F., 2012. Principles and roles of
mRNA localization in animal development. Development
139, 3263–3276.
Mei, W., Jin, Z., Lai, F., Schwend, T., Houston, D.W., King, M.L.,
Yang, J., 2013. Maternal Dead-End1 is required for vegetal
cortical microtubule assembly during Xenopus axis specif -
cation. Development 140, 2334–2344.
Miller, J.R., Rowning, B.A., Larabell, C.A., Yang-Snyder, J.A.,
Bates, R.L., Moon, R.T., 1999. Establishment of the dorsal:
ventral axis in Xenopus embryos coincides with the dorsal
enrichment of dishevelled that is dependent on cortical rotation. The Journal of Cell Biology 146, 427–438.
Mir, A., Heasman, J., 2008. How the mother can help: Studying
maternal Wnt signaling by anti-sense-mediated depletion of
maternal mRNAs and the host transfer technique. Methods
Mol. Biol. 469, 417–429.
Mir, A., Kofron, M., Heasman, J., Lang, S., Birsoy, B., Wylie,
C.C., 2008. Long- and short-range signals control the
dynamic expression of an animal hemisphere-specif c gene
in Xenopus. Developmental Biology 315, 161–172.
Mir, A., Kofron, M., Zorn, A.M., Bajzer, M., Haque, M., Heasman,
J., Wylie, C.C., 2007. FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula.
Development 134, 779–788.
Miyamoto, K., Simpson, D., Gurdon, J.B., 2015a. Manipulation
and in vitro maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes, followed
by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to study embryonic
development. J Vis Exp e52496.
Miyamoto, K., Suzuki, K.-I.T., Suzuki, M., Sakane, Y., Sakuma,
T., Herberg, S., Simeone, A., Simpson, D., Jullien, J.,
Yamamoto, T., Gurdon, J.B., 2015b. The expression of
TALEN before fertilization provides a rapid knock-out phenotype in Xenopus laevis founder embryos. PLoS One 10,
e0142946.
Miyamoto, K., Teperek, M., Yusa, K., Allen, G.E., Bradshaw,
C.R., Gurdon, J.B., 2013. Nuclear Wave1 is required for
reprogramming transcription in oocytes and for normal
development. Science 341, 1002–1005.
Morkel, M., Huelsken, J., Wakamiya, M., Ding, J., Wetering,
M. van de, Clevers, H., Taketo, M.M., Behringer, R.R.,
Shen, M.M., Birchmeier, W., 2003. Beta-catenin regulates
Cripto- and Wnt3-dependent gene expression programs in
mouse axis and mesoderm formation. Development 130,
6283–6294.
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
primordial germ-cell and haploid gamete formation. Nature
462, 222–225.
Kennedy, M.W., Cha, S.-W., Tadjuidje, E., Andrews, P.G.,
Heasman, J., Kao, K.R., 2010. A co-dependent requirement
of xBcl9 and Pygopus for embryonic body axis development
in Xenopus. Developmental Dynamics 239, 271–283.
Kessler, D.S., Melton, D.A., 1995. Induction of dorsal mesoderm by soluble, mature Vg1 protein. Dev Camb Engl 121,
2155–2164.
King, M.L., Barklis, E., 1985. Regional distribution of maternal
messenger RNA in the amphibian oocyte. Developmental
Biology 112, 203–212.
King, M.L., Messitt, T.J., Mowry, K.L., 2005. Putting RNAs in the
right place at the right time: RNA localization in the frog
oocyte. Biology of the Cell 97, 19–33.
Kirilenko, P., Weierud, F.K., Zorn, A.M., Woodland, H.R., 2008.
The effciency of Xenopus primordial germ cell migration
depends on the germplasm mRNA encoding the PDZ domain
protein Grip2. Differentiation 76, 392–403.
Kloc, M., 2009. Teachings from the egg: New and unexpected
functions of RNAs. Mol Reprod Dev 76, 922–932.
Kloc, M., Chan, A.P., 2007. Centroid, a novel putative DEAD-box
RNA helicase maternal mRNA, is localized in the mitochondrial cloud in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The International
Journal of Developmental Biology 51, 701–706.
Kloc, M., Etkin, L.D., 1995. Two distinct pathways for the localization of RNAs at the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes.
Development 121, 287–297.
Kloc, M., Larabell, C., Chan, A.P., Etkin, L.D., 1998. Contribution
of METRO pathway localized molecules to the organization of
the germ cell lineage. Mechanisms of Development 75, 81–93.
Kloc, M., Larabell, C., Etkin, L.D., 1996. Elaboration of the messenger transport organizer pathway for localization of RNA
to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. Developmental
Biology 180, 119–130.
Kloc, M., Spohr, G., Etkin, L.D., 1993. Translocation of repetitive
RNA sequences with the germ plasm in Xenopus oocytes.
Science 262, 1712–1714.
Kofron, M., Klein, P., Zhang, F., Houston, D.W., Schaible, K.,
Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 2001. The role of maternal axin
in patterning the Xenopus embryo. Developmental Biology
237, 183–201.
Kofron, M., Xanthos, J.B., Sun, B., Sive, H., Osada, S., Wright,
C.V.E., Wylie, C.C., Heasman, J., 1999. Mesoderm
induction in Xenopus is a zygotic event regulated by
maternal VegT via TGFbeta growth factors. Development
126, 5759–5770.
Ku, M., Melton, D.A., 1993. Xwnt-11: A maternally expressed
Xenopus wnt gene. Development 119, 1161–1173.
Lai, F., Singh, A., King, M.L., 2012. Xenopus Nanos1 is required
to prevent endoderm gene expression and apoptosis in
primordial germ cells. Development 139, 1476–1486.
Lee, M.A., Heasman, J., Whitman, M., 2001. Timing of endogenous activin-like signals and regional specifcation of the
Xenopus embryo. Development 128, 2939–2952.
Lee, S.Y., Mendecki, J., Brawerman, G., 1971. A polynucleotide
segment rich in adenylic acid in the rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA component of mouse sarcoma 180 ascites cells.
Proc National Acad Sci 68, 1331–1335.
Lewis, R.A., Kress, T.L., Cote, C.A., Gautreau, D., Rokop,
M.E., Mowry, K.L., 2004. Conserved and clustered RNA
recognition sequences are a critical feature of signals
directing RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes. Mechanisms
of Development 121, 101–109.
Leyns, L., Bouwmeester, T., Kim, S.H., Piccolo, S., Robertis,
E.M.D., 1997. Frzb-1 is a secreted antagonist of Wnt signaling expressed in the Spemann organizer. Cell 88, 747–756.
Livigni, A., Peradziryi, H., Sharov, A.A., Chia, G., Hammachi, F.,
Migueles, R.P., Sukparangsi, W., Pernagallo, S., Bradley,
M., Nichols, J., Ko, M.S.H., Brickman, J.M., 2013. A conserved Oct4/POUV-dependent network links adhesion and
migration to progenitor maintenance. Current Biology 23,
2233–2244.
Lustig, K.D., Kroll, K.L., Sun, E.E., Kirschner, M.W., 1996.
Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi)
involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation. Development 122, 4001–4012.
MacArthur, H., Houston, D.W., Bubunenko, M., Mosquera, L.,
King, M.L., 2000. DEADSouth is a germ plasm specif c
DEAD-box RNA helicase in Xenopus related to eIF4A.
Mech Develop 95, 291–295.
Marikawa, Y., Elinson, R.P., 1999. Relationship of vegetal cortical
dorsal factors in the Xenopus egg with the Wnt/beta-catenin
signaling pathway. Mechanisms of Development 89, 93–102.
Medioni, C., Mowry, K., Besse, F., 2012. Principles and roles of
mRNA localization in animal development. Development
139, 3263–3276.
Mei, W., Jin, Z., Lai, F., Schwend, T., Houston, D.W., King, M.L.,
Yang, J., 2013. Maternal Dead-End1 is required for vegetal
cortical microtubule assembly during Xenopus axis specif -
cation. Development 140, 2334–2344.
Miller, J.R., Rowning, B.A., Larabell, C.A., Yang-Snyder, J.A.,
Bates, R.L., Moon, R.T., 1999. Establishment of the dorsal:
ventral axis in Xenopus embryos coincides with the dorsal
enrichment of dishevelled that is dependent on cortical rotation. The Journal of Cell Biology 146, 427–438.
Mir, A., Heasman, J., 2008. How the mother can help: Studying
maternal Wnt signaling by anti-sense-mediated depletion of
maternal mRNAs and the host transfer technique. Methods
Mol. Biol. 469, 417–429.
Mir, A., Kofron, M., Heasman, J., Lang, S., Birsoy, B., Wylie,
C.C., 2008. Long- and short-range signals control the
dynamic expression of an animal hemisphere-specif c gene
in Xenopus. Developmental Biology 315, 161–172.
Mir, A., Kofron, M., Zorn, A.M., Bajzer, M., Haque, M., Heasman,
J., Wylie, C.C., 2007. FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula.
Development 134, 779–788.
Miyamoto, K., Simpson, D., Gurdon, J.B., 2015a. Manipulation
and in vitro maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes, followed
by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, to study embryonic
development. J Vis Exp e52496.
Miyamoto, K., Suzuki, K.-I.T., Suzuki, M., Sakane, Y., Sakuma,
T., Herberg, S., Simeone, A., Simpson, D., Jullien, J.,
Yamamoto, T., Gurdon, J.B., 2015b. The expression of
TALEN before fertilization provides a rapid knock-out phenotype in Xenopus laevis founder embryos. PLoS One 10,
e0142946.
Miyamoto, K., Teperek, M., Yusa, K., Allen, G.E., Bradshaw,
C.R., Gurdon, J.B., 2013. Nuclear Wave1 is required for
reprogramming transcription in oocytes and for normal
development. Science 341, 1002–1005.
Morkel, M., Huelsken, J., Wakamiya, M., Ding, J., Wetering,
M. van de, Clevers, H., Taketo, M.M., Behringer, R.R.,
Shen, M.M., Birchmeier, W., 2003. Beta-catenin regulates
Cripto- and Wnt3-dependent gene expression programs in
mouse axis and mesoderm formation. Development 130,
6283–6294.