37
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
stage of amphibian oögenesis. Proc National Acad Sci 56,
856–863.
De Domenico, E., Owens, N.D., Grant, I.M., Gomes-Faria, R.,
Gilchrist, M.J. Molecular asymmetry in the 8-cell stage
Xenopus tropicalis embryo described by single blastomere
transcript sequencing. Dev Biol. 2015 Dec 15;408(2):252–68.
Dobrowolski, R., Robertis, E.M.D., 2012. Endocytic control of
growth factor signalling: Multivesicular bodies as signalling
organelles. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 53–60.
Dowdle, M.E., Park, S., Imboden, S.B., Fox, C.A., Houston, D.W.,
Sheets, M.D., 2019. A single KH domain in Bicaudal-C links
mRNA binding and translational repression functions to
maternal development. Development 146, dev172486.
Dupont, S., Zacchigna, L., Cordenonsi, M., Soligo, S., Adorno,
M., Rugge, M., Piccolo, S., 2005. Germ-layer specif cation
and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin
ligase. Cell 121, 87–99.
Eddy, E.M., 1975. Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ
cell line. Int Rev Cytol 43, 229–280.
Eddy, E.M., 1974. Fine structural observations on the form and
distribution of nuage in germ cells of the rat. The Anatomical
Record 178, 731–757.
Edmonds, M., Vaughan, M.H., Nakazato, H., 1971. Polyadenylic
acid sequences in the heterogeneous nuclear RNA and rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA of HeLa cells: Possible evidence for a precursor relationship. Proc National Acad Sci
68, 1336–1340.
Eiraku, M., Takata, N., Ishibashi, H., Kawada, M., Sakakura, E.,
Okuda, S., Sekiguchi, K., Adachi, T., Sasai, Y., 2011. Selforganizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional
culture. Nature 472, 51–56.
Eiraku, M., Watanabe, K., Matsuo-Takasaki, M., Kawada, M.,
Yonemura, S., Matsumura, M., Wataya, T., Nishiyama, A.,
Muguruma, K., Sasai, Y., 2008. Self-organized formation of
polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 3, 519–532.
Elinson, R.P., 1985. Changes in levels of polymeric tubulin associated with activation and dorsoventral polarization of the frog
egg. Developmental Biology 109, 224–233.
Elinson, R.P., King, M.L., Forristall, C., 1993. Isolated vegetal
cortex from Xenopus oocytes selectively retains localized
mRNAs. Developmental Biology 160, 554–562.
Elinson, R.P., Pasceri, P., 1989. Two UV-sensitive targets in dorsoanterior specifcation of frog embryos. Development 106, 511–518.
Elkouby, Y.M., Jamieson-Lucy, A., Mullins, M.C., 2016. Oocyte
polarization is coupled to the chromosomal bouquet, a conserved polarized nuclear confguration in meiosis. PLoS
Biology 14, e1002335.
Ephrussi, A., Lehmann, R., 1992. Induction of germ cell formation
by oskar. Nature 358, 387–392.
Escobar-Aguirre, M., Elkouby, Y.M., Mullins, M.C., 2017.
Localization in oogenesis of maternal regulators of embryonic development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and
Biology 953, 173–207.
Extavour, C.G., Akam, M., 2003. Mechanisms of germ cell specifcation across the metazoans: Epigenesis and preformation.
Development 130, 5869–5884.
Flachsova, M., Sindelka, R., Kubista, M., 2013. Single blastomere
expression profling of Xenopus laevis embryos of 8 to 32-cells
reveals developmental asymmetry. Scientif c Reports 3.
Forristall, C., Pondel, M., Chen, L., King, M., 1995. Patterns of localization and cytoskeletal association of two vegetally localized
RNAs, Vg1 and Xcat-2. Development 121, 201–208.
Fu, X.-F., Cheng, S.-F., Wang, L.-Q., Yin, S., Felici, M.D., Shen,
W., 2015. DAZ family proteins, key players for germ cell
development. International Journal of Biological Sciences
11, 1226–1235.
Fuerer, C., Nostro, M.C., Constam, D.B., 2014. Nodal·Gdf1 heterodimers with bound prodomains enable serum-independent nodal signaling and endoderm differentiation. J Biol
Chem 289, 17854–17871.
Gammons, M., Bienz, M., 2018. Multiprotein complexes governing Wnt signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 51, 42–49.
Gao, L., Zhu, X., Chen, G., Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Khand, A.A., Shi,
H., Gu, F., Lin, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., He, L., Tao, Q.,
2016. A novel role for Ascl1 in the regulation of mesendoderm formation via HDAC-dependent antagonism of VegT.
Development 143, 492–503.
Gentsch, G.E., Spruce, T., Owens, N.D.L., Smith, J.C., 2019.
Maternal pluripotency factors initiate extensive chromatin
remodelling to predef ne frst response to inductive signals.
Nat Commun 10, 4269.
Gerhart, J., Danilchik, M., Doniach, T., Roberts, S., Rowning, B.,
Stewart, R., 1989. Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg:
Consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic
dorsal development. Development 107 Suppl, 37–51.
Grant, P.A., Yan, B., Johnson, M.A., Johnson, D.L.E., Moody, S.A.,
2014. Novel animal pole-enriched maternal mRNAs are
preferentially expressed in neural ectoderm. Developmental
Dynamics 243, 478–496.
Gros, F., Hiatt, H., Gilbert, W., Kurland, C.G., Risebrough, R.W.,
Watson, J.D., 1961. Unstable ribonucleic acid revealed by
pulse labelling of Escherichia coli. Nature 190, 581–585.
Gupta, R., Wills, A., Ucar, D., Baker, J., 2014. Developmental
enhancers are marked independently of zygotic Nodal signals in Xenopus. Dev Biol 395, 38–49.
Gurdon, J.B., Lane, C.D., Woodland, H.R., Marbaix, G., 1971. Use
of frog eggs and oocytes for the study of messenger RNA and
its translation in living cells. Nature 233, 177–182.
Haston, K.M., Tung, J.Y., Pera, R.A.R., 2009. Dazl functions in
maintenance of pluripotency and genetic and epigenetic programs of differentiation in mouse primordial germ cells in
vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 4, e5654.
Hayashi, M., Spiegelman, S., 1961. The selective synthesis of
informational RNA in bacteria. Proc National Acad Sci 47,
1564–1580.
He, X., Saint-Jeannet, J.P., Woodgett, J.R., Varmus, H.E., Dawid,
I.B., 1995. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos. Nature 374, 617–622.
Heasman, J., Crawford, A., Goldstone, K., Garner-Hamrick, P.,
Gumbiner, B., McCrea, P., Kintner, C., Noro, C.Y., Wylie,
C.C., 1994. Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of beta-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in
early Xenopus embryos. Cell 79, 791–803.
Heasman, J., Holwill, S., Wylie, C.C., 1991. Fertilization of cultured Xenopus oocytes and use in studies of maternally
inherited molecules. Methods Mol. Biol. 36, 213–230.
Heasman, J., Kofron, M., Wylie, C.C., 2000. Beta-catenin signaling activity dissected in the early Xenopus embryo: A
novel antisense approach. Developmental Biology 222,
124–134.
Heasman, J., Quarmby, J., Wylie, C.C., 1984. The mitochondrial
cloud of Xenopus oocytes: The source of germinal granule
material. Developmental Biology 105, 458–469.
Heasman, J., Wessely, O., Langland, R., Craig, E.J., Kessler,
D.S., 2001. Vegetal localization of maternal mRNAs is
disrupted by VegT depletion. Developmental Biology 240,
377–386.
Hegner, R.W., 1914. Studies on germ cells. I: The history of
the germ cells in insects with special reference to the
Maternal mRNAs and Cell Lineages
stage of amphibian oögenesis. Proc National Acad Sci 56,
856–863.
De Domenico, E., Owens, N.D., Grant, I.M., Gomes-Faria, R.,
Gilchrist, M.J. Molecular asymmetry in the 8-cell stage
Xenopus tropicalis embryo described by single blastomere
transcript sequencing. Dev Biol. 2015 Dec 15;408(2):252–68.
Dobrowolski, R., Robertis, E.M.D., 2012. Endocytic control of
growth factor signalling: Multivesicular bodies as signalling
organelles. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 13, 53–60.
Dowdle, M.E., Park, S., Imboden, S.B., Fox, C.A., Houston, D.W.,
Sheets, M.D., 2019. A single KH domain in Bicaudal-C links
mRNA binding and translational repression functions to
maternal development. Development 146, dev172486.
Dupont, S., Zacchigna, L., Cordenonsi, M., Soligo, S., Adorno,
M., Rugge, M., Piccolo, S., 2005. Germ-layer specif cation
and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin
ligase. Cell 121, 87–99.
Eddy, E.M., 1975. Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ
cell line. Int Rev Cytol 43, 229–280.
Eddy, E.M., 1974. Fine structural observations on the form and
distribution of nuage in germ cells of the rat. The Anatomical
Record 178, 731–757.
Edmonds, M., Vaughan, M.H., Nakazato, H., 1971. Polyadenylic
acid sequences in the heterogeneous nuclear RNA and rapidly-labeled polyribosomal RNA of HeLa cells: Possible evidence for a precursor relationship. Proc National Acad Sci
68, 1336–1340.
Eiraku, M., Takata, N., Ishibashi, H., Kawada, M., Sakakura, E.,
Okuda, S., Sekiguchi, K., Adachi, T., Sasai, Y., 2011. Selforganizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional
culture. Nature 472, 51–56.
Eiraku, M., Watanabe, K., Matsuo-Takasaki, M., Kawada, M.,
Yonemura, S., Matsumura, M., Wataya, T., Nishiyama, A.,
Muguruma, K., Sasai, Y., 2008. Self-organized formation of
polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 3, 519–532.
Elinson, R.P., 1985. Changes in levels of polymeric tubulin associated with activation and dorsoventral polarization of the frog
egg. Developmental Biology 109, 224–233.
Elinson, R.P., King, M.L., Forristall, C., 1993. Isolated vegetal
cortex from Xenopus oocytes selectively retains localized
mRNAs. Developmental Biology 160, 554–562.
Elinson, R.P., Pasceri, P., 1989. Two UV-sensitive targets in dorsoanterior specifcation of frog embryos. Development 106, 511–518.
Elkouby, Y.M., Jamieson-Lucy, A., Mullins, M.C., 2016. Oocyte
polarization is coupled to the chromosomal bouquet, a conserved polarized nuclear confguration in meiosis. PLoS
Biology 14, e1002335.
Ephrussi, A., Lehmann, R., 1992. Induction of germ cell formation
by oskar. Nature 358, 387–392.
Escobar-Aguirre, M., Elkouby, Y.M., Mullins, M.C., 2017.
Localization in oogenesis of maternal regulators of embryonic development. Advances in Experimental Medicine and
Biology 953, 173–207.
Extavour, C.G., Akam, M., 2003. Mechanisms of germ cell specifcation across the metazoans: Epigenesis and preformation.
Development 130, 5869–5884.
Flachsova, M., Sindelka, R., Kubista, M., 2013. Single blastomere
expression profling of Xenopus laevis embryos of 8 to 32-cells
reveals developmental asymmetry. Scientif c Reports 3.
Forristall, C., Pondel, M., Chen, L., King, M., 1995. Patterns of localization and cytoskeletal association of two vegetally localized
RNAs, Vg1 and Xcat-2. Development 121, 201–208.
Fu, X.-F., Cheng, S.-F., Wang, L.-Q., Yin, S., Felici, M.D., Shen,
W., 2015. DAZ family proteins, key players for germ cell
development. International Journal of Biological Sciences
11, 1226–1235.
Fuerer, C., Nostro, M.C., Constam, D.B., 2014. Nodal·Gdf1 heterodimers with bound prodomains enable serum-independent nodal signaling and endoderm differentiation. J Biol
Chem 289, 17854–17871.
Gammons, M., Bienz, M., 2018. Multiprotein complexes governing Wnt signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 51, 42–49.
Gao, L., Zhu, X., Chen, G., Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Khand, A.A., Shi,
H., Gu, F., Lin, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., He, L., Tao, Q.,
2016. A novel role for Ascl1 in the regulation of mesendoderm formation via HDAC-dependent antagonism of VegT.
Development 143, 492–503.
Gentsch, G.E., Spruce, T., Owens, N.D.L., Smith, J.C., 2019.
Maternal pluripotency factors initiate extensive chromatin
remodelling to predef ne frst response to inductive signals.
Nat Commun 10, 4269.
Gerhart, J., Danilchik, M., Doniach, T., Roberts, S., Rowning, B.,
Stewart, R., 1989. Cortical rotation of the Xenopus egg:
Consequences for the anteroposterior pattern of embryonic
dorsal development. Development 107 Suppl, 37–51.
Grant, P.A., Yan, B., Johnson, M.A., Johnson, D.L.E., Moody, S.A.,
2014. Novel animal pole-enriched maternal mRNAs are
preferentially expressed in neural ectoderm. Developmental
Dynamics 243, 478–496.
Gros, F., Hiatt, H., Gilbert, W., Kurland, C.G., Risebrough, R.W.,
Watson, J.D., 1961. Unstable ribonucleic acid revealed by
pulse labelling of Escherichia coli. Nature 190, 581–585.
Gupta, R., Wills, A., Ucar, D., Baker, J., 2014. Developmental
enhancers are marked independently of zygotic Nodal signals in Xenopus. Dev Biol 395, 38–49.
Gurdon, J.B., Lane, C.D., Woodland, H.R., Marbaix, G., 1971. Use
of frog eggs and oocytes for the study of messenger RNA and
its translation in living cells. Nature 233, 177–182.
Haston, K.M., Tung, J.Y., Pera, R.A.R., 2009. Dazl functions in
maintenance of pluripotency and genetic and epigenetic programs of differentiation in mouse primordial germ cells in
vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 4, e5654.
Hayashi, M., Spiegelman, S., 1961. The selective synthesis of
informational RNA in bacteria. Proc National Acad Sci 47,
1564–1580.
He, X., Saint-Jeannet, J.P., Woodgett, J.R., Varmus, H.E., Dawid,
I.B., 1995. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos. Nature 374, 617–622.
Heasman, J., Crawford, A., Goldstone, K., Garner-Hamrick, P.,
Gumbiner, B., McCrea, P., Kintner, C., Noro, C.Y., Wylie,
C.C., 1994. Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of beta-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in
early Xenopus embryos. Cell 79, 791–803.
Heasman, J., Holwill, S., Wylie, C.C., 1991. Fertilization of cultured Xenopus oocytes and use in studies of maternally
inherited molecules. Methods Mol. Biol. 36, 213–230.
Heasman, J., Kofron, M., Wylie, C.C., 2000. Beta-catenin signaling activity dissected in the early Xenopus embryo: A
novel antisense approach. Developmental Biology 222,
124–134.
Heasman, J., Quarmby, J., Wylie, C.C., 1984. The mitochondrial
cloud of Xenopus oocytes: The source of germinal granule
material. Developmental Biology 105, 458–469.
Heasman, J., Wessely, O., Langland, R., Craig, E.J., Kessler,
D.S., 2001. Vegetal localization of maternal mRNAs is
disrupted by VegT depletion. Developmental Biology 240,
377–386.
Hegner, R.W., 1914. Studies on germ cells. I: The history of
the germ cells in insects with special reference to the