hes5.1
hes4
hes1
Gene
TABLE 7.4
Cross-Regulation between hes and hey Genes in Xenopus
See abbreviations in Table 7.3 legend.
Regulated by
Regulation/Details
Gain-of-function
Loss-of-function
(Dominant-negative/Antagonist/Morpholino)
hes4
Negative in ectoderm
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000).
hes6.1
Inhibits hes1 post-transcriptionally and induces it indirectly
( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ). Hes6.1 protein binds Hes1
in vitro and in embryos, antagonizing Hes1 ability to
suppress PN in a TLE/Groucho-independent way
( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 ; Murai et al., 2011 ).
hey1
Hey1 and Hes1 heterodimerize in embryos, enhancing the
binding of Hey1 to a class B E-box oligonucleotide
( Taelman et al., 2004 ).
hes4 overexpression: ↓hes1 in whole embryos and
animal caps (neural plate stage). Effect in animal
caps reversed by co-injection of hes6.1 mRNA
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000).
hes6.1 overexpression: ↑hes1 in animal caps and whole
embryos (neural plate stage). Inhibited hes4’s ability
to repress hes1 in animal caps. The induction of hes1
is explained by the blockade of the hes1/hes4
auto-regulatory negative feedback loop ( KoyanoNakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes4-ΔWRPW-Gal4: ↑hes1 in animal caps
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000)
hes6.1DBM: ↑hes1 in whole embryos (neural plate
stage) like hes6.1 overexpression. Therefore,
hes6.1 does not need to bind DNA to induce hes1.
( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes5.1
Positive in ectoderm
hes6.1
Inhibits hes4 post-transcriptionally and induces it
indirectly ( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 ). Hes6.1 binds Hes4 in vitro and in embryos,
antagonizing its ability to repress hes1 in a TLE/
Groucho-independent way ( Koyano-Nakagawa et al.,
2000 ).
hes5.1 overexpression: ↑hes4 in animal caps (unknown
stage, RT-PCR) (Cui, 2005 )
hes6.1 overexpression: ↑hes4 in whole embryos (neural
plate stage). The induction of hes4 is explained by
the blockade of the hes1/hes4 auto-regulatory
negative feedback loop (Koyano-Nakagawa et al.,
2000 ).
hes6.1DBM: ↑hes4 in whole embryos (neural plate
stage) like hes6.1 overexpression. Therefore,
hes6.1 does not need to bind DNA to induce
hes4. ( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes4
Negative in the ectoderm, ventral mesoderm, and anterior
neural plate.
hes6.1
Positive during PN.
hes7.1
Represses hes5.1 (probably directly) during the
establishment of the presumptive MHB.
hes4 overexpression : blocked hes5.1 induction by
neurog2 in animal caps and by NICD1 in VMZ
explants (NF unknown, RT-PCR); ↓ anterior neural
hes5.1 expression (ISH, neurula) ( Cui, 2005 ).
hes6.1 overexpression : ↑hes5.1 PN domains [data not
shown in ( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 )].
hes7.1 overexpression : ↓hes5.1 (neural plate stage)
(Takada et al., 2005 ).
hes4-ΔWRPW: ↑hes5.1 in animal caps and VMZ
explants; rescued the repression of hes5.1 by hes4
in VMZ explants (NF unknown, RT-PCR); weakly
↑hes5.1 anterior neural domain (ISH, neurula)
( Cui, 2005 ).
GR-hes7.1-VP16 (Dex NF10.5–11) +/− CHX:
↑hes5.1 domains at neural plate stage ( Takada et
al., 2005 ).
88
Xenopus
hes4
hes1
Gene
TABLE 7.4
Cross-Regulation between hes and hey Genes in Xenopus
See abbreviations in Table 7.3 legend.
Regulated by
Regulation/Details
Gain-of-function
Loss-of-function
(Dominant-negative/Antagonist/Morpholino)
hes4
Negative in ectoderm
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000).
hes6.1
Inhibits hes1 post-transcriptionally and induces it indirectly
( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ). Hes6.1 protein binds Hes1
in vitro and in embryos, antagonizing Hes1 ability to
suppress PN in a TLE/Groucho-independent way
( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 ; Murai et al., 2011 ).
hey1
Hey1 and Hes1 heterodimerize in embryos, enhancing the
binding of Hey1 to a class B E-box oligonucleotide
( Taelman et al., 2004 ).
hes4 overexpression: ↓hes1 in whole embryos and
animal caps (neural plate stage). Effect in animal
caps reversed by co-injection of hes6.1 mRNA
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000).
hes6.1 overexpression: ↑hes1 in animal caps and whole
embryos (neural plate stage). Inhibited hes4’s ability
to repress hes1 in animal caps. The induction of hes1
is explained by the blockade of the hes1/hes4
auto-regulatory negative feedback loop ( KoyanoNakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes4-ΔWRPW-Gal4: ↑hes1 in animal caps
(Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000)
hes6.1DBM: ↑hes1 in whole embryos (neural plate
stage) like hes6.1 overexpression. Therefore,
hes6.1 does not need to bind DNA to induce hes1.
( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes5.1
Positive in ectoderm
hes6.1
Inhibits hes4 post-transcriptionally and induces it
indirectly ( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 ). Hes6.1 binds Hes4 in vitro and in embryos,
antagonizing its ability to repress hes1 in a TLE/
Groucho-independent way ( Koyano-Nakagawa et al.,
2000 ).
hes5.1 overexpression: ↑hes4 in animal caps (unknown
stage, RT-PCR) (Cui, 2005 )
hes6.1 overexpression: ↑hes4 in whole embryos (neural
plate stage). The induction of hes4 is explained by
the blockade of the hes1/hes4 auto-regulatory
negative feedback loop (Koyano-Nakagawa et al.,
2000 ).
hes6.1DBM: ↑hes4 in whole embryos (neural plate
stage) like hes6.1 overexpression. Therefore,
hes6.1 does not need to bind DNA to induce
hes4. ( Koyano-Nakagawa et al., 2000 ).
hes4
Negative in the ectoderm, ventral mesoderm, and anterior
neural plate.
hes6.1
Positive during PN.
hes7.1
Represses hes5.1 (probably directly) during the
establishment of the presumptive MHB.
hes4 overexpression : blocked hes5.1 induction by
neurog2 in animal caps and by NICD1 in VMZ
explants (NF unknown, RT-PCR); ↓ anterior neural
hes5.1 expression (ISH, neurula) ( Cui, 2005 ).
hes6.1 overexpression : ↑hes5.1 PN domains [data not
shown in ( Koyano-Nakagawa
et al., 2000 )].
hes7.1 overexpression : ↓hes5.1 (neural plate stage)
(Takada et al., 2005 ).
hes4-ΔWRPW: ↑hes5.1 in animal caps and VMZ
explants; rescued the repression of hes5.1 by hes4
in VMZ explants (NF unknown, RT-PCR); weakly
↑hes5.1 anterior neural domain (ISH, neurula)
( Cui, 2005 ).
GR-hes7.1-VP16 (Dex NF10.5–11) +/− CHX:
↑hes5.1 domains at neural plate stage ( Takada et
al., 2005 ).
88
Xenopus