viii
Contents
8.3.3 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Phosphate ........................................... 352
8.3.4 Nitrogen–Phosphorus Ratio .......................................................................354
8.4 Silicon in Seawater .................................................................................................... 359
8.4.1 Determination of Silicon ............................................................................. 360
8.4.2 Distribution of Dissolved SiO 2 ................................................................... 362
8.5 Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers ................................................................ 362
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 365
Phosphorus ................................................................................................................ 365
Nitrogen ...................................................................................................................... 365
Silicon .......................................................................................................................... 366
Use of Nutrients ........................................................................................................ 366
9. Primary Production in the Oceans.................................................................................. 367
9.1 Primary Production .................................................................................................. 367
9.1.1 Phytoplankton Production ......................................................................... 369
9.1.2 Standing Crop or Biomass .......................................................................... 370
9.1.3 The O 2 Liberation Method of Measuring Primary Productivity .......... 370
9.1.4 Uptake of CO 2 Method of Measuring Primary Productivity ................ 372
9.1.5 Determining New Production ................................................................... 372
9.1.6 Factors Affecting the Growth of Phytoplankton ..................................... 374
9.1.6.1 Light ............................................................................................... 374
9.1.6.2 Temperature .................................................................................. 375
9.1.6.3 Salinity ........................................................................................... 375
9.1.6.4 Micronutrients and Trace Metals ............................................... 375
9.1.6.5 Organic Factors ............................................................................. 376
9.1.7 Growth and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea .......................... 376
9.1.8 Remote Sensing Techniques ....................................................................... 380
9.2 The Iron Hypothesis ................................................................................................. 383
9.2.1 IRONEX I Study ........................................................................................... 387
9.2.2 Galapagos Plume Study .............................................................................. 391
9.2.3 IRONEX II Study .......................................................................................... 397
9.2.4 SOFeX Study ................................................................................................. 398
9.3 Microbial Transformations ...................................................................................... 403
9.4 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Compounds in Seawater ............................405
9.4.1 Sources of Organic Matter .......................................................................... 406
9.4.1.1 Terrestrial Input by Rivers .......................................................... 406
9.4.1.2 Terrestrial Input from the Atmosphere..................................... 407
9.4.1.3 Additional Sources of Organic Matter ......................................408
9.4.2 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter ............................................... 409
9.4.2.1 Dissolved Organic Matter ........................................................... 413
9.4.2.2 Particulate Organic Matter ......................................................... 415
9.4.3 Kinds of Organic Compounds in Seawater ............................................. 416
9.4.3.1 Carbohydrates ............................................................................... 417
9.4.3.2 Amino Acids and Proteins.......................................................... 419
9.4.3.3 Hydrocarbons ............................................................................... 419
9.4.3.4 Carboxylic Acids .......................................................................... 419
9.4.3.5 Humic Substances ........................................................................ 420
9.4.3.6 Steroids .......................................................................................... 420
Contents
8.3.3 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen and Phosphate ........................................... 352
8.3.4 Nitrogen–Phosphorus Ratio .......................................................................354
8.4 Silicon in Seawater .................................................................................................... 359
8.4.1 Determination of Silicon ............................................................................. 360
8.4.2 Distribution of Dissolved SiO 2 ................................................................... 362
8.5 Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers ................................................................ 362
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 365
Phosphorus ................................................................................................................ 365
Nitrogen ...................................................................................................................... 365
Silicon .......................................................................................................................... 366
Use of Nutrients ........................................................................................................ 366
9. Primary Production in the Oceans.................................................................................. 367
9.1 Primary Production .................................................................................................. 367
9.1.1 Phytoplankton Production ......................................................................... 369
9.1.2 Standing Crop or Biomass .......................................................................... 370
9.1.3 The O 2 Liberation Method of Measuring Primary Productivity .......... 370
9.1.4 Uptake of CO 2 Method of Measuring Primary Productivity ................ 372
9.1.5 Determining New Production ................................................................... 372
9.1.6 Factors Affecting the Growth of Phytoplankton ..................................... 374
9.1.6.1 Light ............................................................................................... 374
9.1.6.2 Temperature .................................................................................. 375
9.1.6.3 Salinity ........................................................................................... 375
9.1.6.4 Micronutrients and Trace Metals ............................................... 375
9.1.6.5 Organic Factors ............................................................................. 376
9.1.7 Growth and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea .......................... 376
9.1.8 Remote Sensing Techniques ....................................................................... 380
9.2 The Iron Hypothesis ................................................................................................. 383
9.2.1 IRONEX I Study ........................................................................................... 387
9.2.2 Galapagos Plume Study .............................................................................. 391
9.2.3 IRONEX II Study .......................................................................................... 397
9.2.4 SOFeX Study ................................................................................................. 398
9.3 Microbial Transformations ...................................................................................... 403
9.4 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Compounds in Seawater ............................405
9.4.1 Sources of Organic Matter .......................................................................... 406
9.4.1.1 Terrestrial Input by Rivers .......................................................... 406
9.4.1.2 Terrestrial Input from the Atmosphere..................................... 407
9.4.1.3 Additional Sources of Organic Matter ......................................408
9.4.2 Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter ............................................... 409
9.4.2.1 Dissolved Organic Matter ........................................................... 413
9.4.2.2 Particulate Organic Matter ......................................................... 415
9.4.3 Kinds of Organic Compounds in Seawater ............................................. 416
9.4.3.1 Carbohydrates ............................................................................... 417
9.4.3.2 Amino Acids and Proteins.......................................................... 419
9.4.3.3 Hydrocarbons ............................................................................... 419
9.4.3.4 Carboxylic Acids .......................................................................... 419
9.4.3.5 Humic Substances ........................................................................ 420
9.4.3.6 Steroids .......................................................................................... 420