ix
Contents
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 421
Primary Productivity ................................................................................................ 421
Iron Limitation ...........................................................................................................422
Organics in Seawater ................................................................................................423
10. Processes in the Oceans.....................................................................................................425
10.1 Photochemical Processes in Seawater ....................................................................425
10.1.1 Principles .......................................................................................................425
10.1.2 Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide .............................................................. 431
10.1.3 The •OH Radical .......................................................................................... 439
10.2 Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry ............................................................................... 441
10.3 Anoxic Waters ............................................................................................................ 453
10.3.1 The Black Sea ................................................................................................ 459
10.3.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................................. 466
10.3.3 Framvaren Fjord ........................................................................................... 478
10.3.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters .......... 495
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 502
Photochemistry .......................................................................................................... 502
Hydrothermal Vents ................................................................................................. 503
Anoxic Basins ............................................................................................................. 503
Black Sea .....................................................................................................................504
Cariaco Trench ...........................................................................................................504
Framvaren Fjord ........................................................................................................505
Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ...............................505
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms ........................................................................ 507
I.
Descriptive Oceanography ...................................................................................... 507
II.
Major Components of Seawater .............................................................................. 512
III. Minor Elements in Seawater .................................................................................... 514
IV.
Ionic Interactions in Seawater ................................................................................. 518
V.
Atmospheric Chemistry ........................................................................................... 521
VI. Dissolved Gases Other than CO 2 ............................................................................ 523
VII. The Carbonate System .............................................................................................. 523
VIII. Micronutrients in the Oceans .................................................................................. 525
IX. Primary Production in the Oceans ......................................................................... 526
Organic Compounds ................................................................................................ 527
X.
Processes in the Oceans ........................................................................................... 529
Photochemical Processes .......................................................................................... 529
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry ............................................................................... 530
Anoxic Waters ............................................................................................................ 531
Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................. 533
Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................................. 537
Appendix 3 .................................................................................................................................. 539
Appendix 4 .................................................................................................................................. 541
Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................................................543
Appendix 6 ..................................................................................................................................545
Index ............................................................................................................................................. 547
Contents
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 421
Primary Productivity ................................................................................................ 421
Iron Limitation ...........................................................................................................422
Organics in Seawater ................................................................................................423
10. Processes in the Oceans.....................................................................................................425
10.1 Photochemical Processes in Seawater ....................................................................425
10.1.1 Principles .......................................................................................................425
10.1.2 Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide .............................................................. 431
10.1.3 The •OH Radical .......................................................................................... 439
10.2 Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry ............................................................................... 441
10.3 Anoxic Waters ............................................................................................................ 453
10.3.1 The Black Sea ................................................................................................ 459
10.3.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................................. 466
10.3.3 Framvaren Fjord ........................................................................................... 478
10.3.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters .......... 495
References and Further Reading ....................................................................................... 502
Photochemistry .......................................................................................................... 502
Hydrothermal Vents ................................................................................................. 503
Anoxic Basins ............................................................................................................. 503
Black Sea .....................................................................................................................504
Cariaco Trench ...........................................................................................................504
Framvaren Fjord ........................................................................................................505
Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ...............................505
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms ........................................................................ 507
I.
Descriptive Oceanography ...................................................................................... 507
II.
Major Components of Seawater .............................................................................. 512
III. Minor Elements in Seawater .................................................................................... 514
IV.
Ionic Interactions in Seawater ................................................................................. 518
V.
Atmospheric Chemistry ........................................................................................... 521
VI. Dissolved Gases Other than CO 2 ............................................................................ 523
VII. The Carbonate System .............................................................................................. 523
VIII. Micronutrients in the Oceans .................................................................................. 525
IX. Primary Production in the Oceans ......................................................................... 526
Organic Compounds ................................................................................................ 527
X.
Processes in the Oceans ........................................................................................... 529
Photochemical Processes .......................................................................................... 529
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry ............................................................................... 530
Anoxic Waters ............................................................................................................ 531
Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................. 533
Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................................. 537
Appendix 3 .................................................................................................................................. 539
Appendix 4 .................................................................................................................................. 541
Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................................................543
Appendix 6 ..................................................................................................................................545
Index ............................................................................................................................................. 547