570
Index
Terpenes, 419
Thermal agitation, 428–429
Thermocline
anoxic basins from, 454–455
defined, 6
and nitrogen cycle, 349
seasonal, 6
Thermodynamic cycles, 141
Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010
(TEOS-10), 12–13
Thermodynamic hydration functions
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
transition metals, 146–152
Thermohaline circulation, 17
Thermosphere, 183
Thiamine, 376
Thin-film model, 232–234
Thiosulfate
Cariaco Trench, 470–47 1, 473
formation in sediments, 471
from sulfide oxidation, 498, 499–502
Thorium (Th), 100
Thorium deficiency method, 373
Tidal currents, 35–36
Tin (Sn), 106
Total alkalinity (TA)
anoxic waters, 275, 459
deep waters, 288–291
defined, 275
distribution, 288–291
seawater, 65, 274–276
surface waters, 284–285, 288–291
Total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), 291–295
anoxic waters, 458–459
deep waters, 291–295
direct measurements, 278, 309
estimating, 279, 307–314
surface waters, 284–285, 291–295
time series measurements, 309, 310–314
titrating, 275–278
Total organic carbon (TOC)
percent POC, 415
river transport of, 406–407
Total organic nitrate (TON), 352–354
Total organic phosphate (TOP), 352–354
Trace elements, 102–113, 129–130; See also
Micronutrients
Trace gases
atmospheric concentrations, 190–191
atmospheric effects, 198–207
and hydroxyl radicals, 187
preindustrial estimates, 200
sources/sinks, 190–191
thermal radiation trapping, 198–207
types of, 189, 198
Trace metals. See Metals and individual elements
Tracers
micronutrients as, 362–365
pigment biomass, 380–382
sulfur hexafluoride, 388
Trade winds, 17, 31
Transfer velocity, gases, 282–283
Transition metals
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
distribution profiles, 102–109
–organic ligands, 97
thermodynamic hydration functions, 146–152
Translational energy, 428–429
Tricalcium phosphate, 340
Trichlorofluoromethane (F-11), 42
Trichodesmium, 348
Triglycerides, 420
Trimethylfluoromethyl iodide, 218
Triplet state, 429–430
Triplet–triplet annihilation, 430
Tritium ( 3 H, T)
as a tracer, 40–42
to determine oxygen utilization rates, 373–374
half-life, 40, 85
North Atlantic deep waters, 22–24
Trivalent ions, pH and, 320–323
Tropics, vertical salinity distribution, 11
Troposphere, 183
Tropospheric photochemistry, 184
Tungsten (W), 102
U
Ultraplankton, 367
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
and atmosphere, 198–200
and ozone dissociation, 184–185
and photochemical processes, 425, 431
Uniformist (average) models, 135
“Unresolved complex mixture,” 414
Unsaturated hydrocarbons, 419
Upper crustal abundances (UCAs), 223
Urea, 346
V
van der Waals coefficients, 228
van Hoff equation, 231
Vapor pressure, salt solutions, 144
Vents. See Hydrothermal vents
Vent waters. See Hydrothermal vent waters
Index
Terpenes, 419
Thermal agitation, 428–429
Thermocline
anoxic basins from, 454–455
defined, 6
and nitrogen cycle, 349
seasonal, 6
Thermodynamic cycles, 141
Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010
(TEOS-10), 12–13
Thermodynamic hydration functions
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
transition metals, 146–152
Thermohaline circulation, 17
Thermosphere, 183
Thiamine, 376
Thin-film model, 232–234
Thiosulfate
Cariaco Trench, 470–47 1, 473
formation in sediments, 471
from sulfide oxidation, 498, 499–502
Thorium (Th), 100
Thorium deficiency method, 373
Tidal currents, 35–36
Tin (Sn), 106
Total alkalinity (TA)
anoxic waters, 275, 459
deep waters, 288–291
defined, 275
distribution, 288–291
seawater, 65, 274–276
surface waters, 284–285, 288–291
Total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), 291–295
anoxic waters, 458–459
deep waters, 291–295
direct measurements, 278, 309
estimating, 279, 307–314
surface waters, 284–285, 291–295
time series measurements, 309, 310–314
titrating, 275–278
Total organic carbon (TOC)
percent POC, 415
river transport of, 406–407
Total organic nitrate (TON), 352–354
Total organic phosphate (TOP), 352–354
Trace elements, 102–113, 129–130; See also
Micronutrients
Trace gases
atmospheric concentrations, 190–191
atmospheric effects, 198–207
and hydroxyl radicals, 187
preindustrial estimates, 200
sources/sinks, 190–191
thermal radiation trapping, 198–207
types of, 189, 198
Trace metals. See Metals and individual elements
Tracers
micronutrients as, 362–365
pigment biomass, 380–382
sulfur hexafluoride, 388
Trade winds, 17, 31
Transfer velocity, gases, 282–283
Transition metals
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
distribution profiles, 102–109
–organic ligands, 97
thermodynamic hydration functions, 146–152
Translational energy, 428–429
Tricalcium phosphate, 340
Trichlorofluoromethane (F-11), 42
Trichodesmium, 348
Triglycerides, 420
Trimethylfluoromethyl iodide, 218
Triplet state, 429–430
Triplet–triplet annihilation, 430
Tritium ( 3 H, T)
as a tracer, 40–42
to determine oxygen utilization rates, 373–374
half-life, 40, 85
North Atlantic deep waters, 22–24
Trivalent ions, pH and, 320–323
Tropics, vertical salinity distribution, 11
Troposphere, 183
Tropospheric photochemistry, 184
Tungsten (W), 102
U
Ultraplankton, 367
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
and atmosphere, 198–200
and ozone dissociation, 184–185
and photochemical processes, 425, 431
Uniformist (average) models, 135
“Unresolved complex mixture,” 414
Unsaturated hydrocarbons, 419
Upper crustal abundances (UCAs), 223
Urea, 346
V
van der Waals coefficients, 228
van Hoff equation, 231
Vapor pressure, salt solutions, 144
Vents. See Hydrothermal vents
Vent waters. See Hydrothermal vent waters