569
Index
Sublimation, heats of, 141
Suboxic layer, metal distribution, 108
Subtropical convergence, 25, 30
Sugar phosphates, 335
Sugars, 417
Sulfate
aerosols, 220
air-sea exchange, 82
bioconcentration, 109
Framvaren Fjord, 488, 491
measuring, 65
oxidation state, 498
particles, 191–192, 219–220
in pore waters, 84
rock origins, 125
in vent waters, 443
Sulfate reduction
anoxic waters, 456, 457–458, 465–466
mechanism of, 443
and metals, 443
Sulfide
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 472–473, 490–491
oxidation pathways, 490–491
Sulfite, oxidation, 498
Sulfur (S)
and acid rain, 196
in anoxic waters, 455–459
cycle, 113, 196, 219–221
isotopes, 87
Sulfur compounds
atmospheric, 219–221
as cloud condensation nuclei, 191–192,
219–220
cycling, 219–221
from hydrogen sulfide oxidation, 498–502
volatile, 219
Sulfur dioxide, 196–197
Sulfur fuels, 219
Sulfur hexafluoride, 388
Sulfuric acid, 191, 219–220
Superoxide anion, 434, 437–438
Superoxide dismutase, 438
Superoxide radical, 434, 437–438
Surface waters
calcium carbonate, 295, 306; See also
Carbonate system
carbon dioxide
pCO 2 , 281–285, 307, 309
transport, 259
carbon monoxide profiles, 252
circulation, 17
density, 13
D/H ratios, 86
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 406,
412–413
dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), 352–354,
409, 413
dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), 335,
352–354, 409, 413
dissolved oxygen, 243, 247
dissolved solutes, 56
estimating primary production in, 373
hydrogen peroxide production, 431–439
hydroxyl radical concentration, 440
iron concentrations, 384, 396
light reaching, 374–375
metals distribution, 108
N:P ratio, 353, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 348–349, 383
optical properties, 382
oxygen isotopes, 86–87
pH, 286–288
phosphorus profiles, 335, 341–342, 383
remote sensing techniques, 380–382
salinity
and evaporation, 9–11
measuring, 8–16
and precipitation, 9–11
and river runoff, 36
sigma-T profiles, 14–15
silicates in, 383
stresses on, 209–210
temperature distribution, 5–6
total alkalinity (TA), 284–285, 288–291
total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), 284–285,
291–295
trace element enrichment, 105–106
Synechococcus, 389
T
Tap water, isotopes in, 86
Temperature
and gas solubility, 238–241
and phytoplankton growth, 375
and volumetric properties of seawater, 540,
541
world oceans, 2
Temperature-salinity (T-S) diagrams, 15–16
Temperature-salinity-volume (T-S-V) diagrams,
16
Index
Sublimation, heats of, 141
Suboxic layer, metal distribution, 108
Subtropical convergence, 25, 30
Sugar phosphates, 335
Sugars, 417
Sulfate
aerosols, 220
air-sea exchange, 82
bioconcentration, 109
Framvaren Fjord, 488, 491
measuring, 65
oxidation state, 498
particles, 191–192, 219–220
in pore waters, 84
rock origins, 125
in vent waters, 443
Sulfate reduction
anoxic waters, 456, 457–458, 465–466
mechanism of, 443
and metals, 443
Sulfide
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 472–473, 490–491
oxidation pathways, 490–491
Sulfite, oxidation, 498
Sulfur (S)
and acid rain, 196
in anoxic waters, 455–459
cycle, 113, 196, 219–221
isotopes, 87
Sulfur compounds
atmospheric, 219–221
as cloud condensation nuclei, 191–192,
219–220
cycling, 219–221
from hydrogen sulfide oxidation, 498–502
volatile, 219
Sulfur dioxide, 196–197
Sulfur fuels, 219
Sulfur hexafluoride, 388
Sulfuric acid, 191, 219–220
Superoxide anion, 434, 437–438
Superoxide dismutase, 438
Superoxide radical, 434, 437–438
Surface waters
calcium carbonate, 295, 306; See also
Carbonate system
carbon dioxide
pCO 2 , 281–285, 307, 309
transport, 259
carbon monoxide profiles, 252
circulation, 17
density, 13
D/H ratios, 86
dimethylsulfonium propionate levels, 219
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 406,
412–413
dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), 352–354,
409, 413
dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), 335,
352–354, 409, 413
dissolved oxygen, 243, 247
dissolved solutes, 56
estimating primary production in, 373
hydrogen peroxide production, 431–439
hydroxyl radical concentration, 440
iron concentrations, 384, 396
light reaching, 374–375
metals distribution, 108
N:P ratio, 353, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 348–349, 383
optical properties, 382
oxygen isotopes, 86–87
pH, 286–288
phosphorus profiles, 335, 341–342, 383
remote sensing techniques, 380–382
salinity
and evaporation, 9–11
measuring, 8–16
and precipitation, 9–11
and river runoff, 36
sigma-T profiles, 14–15
silicates in, 383
stresses on, 209–210
temperature distribution, 5–6
total alkalinity (TA), 284–285, 288–291
total carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ), 284–285,
291–295
trace element enrichment, 105–106
Synechococcus, 389
T
Tap water, isotopes in, 86
Temperature
and gas solubility, 238–241
and phytoplankton growth, 375
and volumetric properties of seawater, 540,
541
world oceans, 2
Temperature-salinity (T-S) diagrams, 15–16
Temperature-salinity-volume (T-S-V) diagrams,
16