568
Index
Silicates
Black Sea, 493
Cariaco Trench, 470, 473, 475, 493
Framvaren Fjord, 485, 493
solubility, 359–362
in surface waters, 383
in vent waters, 446–447
Silicic acids, 360
Silicomolybdic complexes, 360
Silicon (Si)
determination of, 360–362
dissolved, 359–362
distribution profile, 102, 362
particulate, 359–360
sources, 360
in vent waters, 122, 360
Sills, and anoxic basins, 454–455
Silver (Ag)
distribution profile, 104
–halide complexes, 92
Singlet state, 427–430
Smog, 183, 224
Sodium (Na)
bioconcentration, 109
measuring, 66
residence time, 99
rock origins, 125
Sodium chloride
density, 145
effect on water properties, 143–145
and electrostriction, 145–152
heat of hydration, 144
Sodium ions
air–sea exchange, 82
in vent waters, 446
Sodium nitrate, 345
SOFeX Study, 398–403
Soft acids, 162
Soils, 406–407
SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron release
Experiment), 399–403
Solar radiation, 184–185
and atmosphere, 198–200
removal of carbon dioxide, 259
Solids, in seawater, 55
Solubility pump, 259
Solutes, hard and soft acids, 162
Solutions, electrostriction, 145–152
Solvents, ion pairs in, 155
Somali Current, 31
Sorensen equation, 265
South Atlantic
bottom waters, 22
deep waters, 24
gyre, 18–19
surface waters, 24
water masses, 22, 24
Southeastern trade winds, 31
South Equatorial Countercurrent, 27
South Equatorial Current, 18, 27, 28, 29, 31
Southern Hemisphere, 17
Southern Ocean
convergence zones, 25–26
phytoplankton stocks, 383
SOFeX Study, 398–403
surface water circulation, 25–26
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), 51
South Indian Ocean, 30–31
South Pacific
bottom waters, 29
gyre, 27
iron levels, 385
surface water salinity, 28–29
T-S diagrams, 29–30
South Pole, 217
Southwestern monsoon winds, 31
Southwest Monsoon Current, 31
Speciation
defined, 129
metals in seawater, 157–161
and pH, 160–161
Spin-paired molecules, 428–430
Stagnant film model, 232–234
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 86
Standing crop, 369, 370
Stanols, 421
Stanones, 421
Stark–Einstein law, 425
Stationary phase, phytoplankton growth, 377
Stearic acid, 419
Stenohaline organisms, 375
Stenols, 421
Steranes, 421
Steroids, 420–421
Sterols, 420–421
Stirring revolution, 124
St. Lawrence River, 76–77
Stratopause, 183
Stratosphere, 183
Streams, acidic, 198
Strontium (Sr), 447
Subantarctic zone, 25
Index
Silicates
Black Sea, 493
Cariaco Trench, 470, 473, 475, 493
Framvaren Fjord, 485, 493
solubility, 359–362
in surface waters, 383
in vent waters, 446–447
Silicic acids, 360
Silicomolybdic complexes, 360
Silicon (Si)
determination of, 360–362
dissolved, 359–362
distribution profile, 102, 362
particulate, 359–360
sources, 360
in vent waters, 122, 360
Sills, and anoxic basins, 454–455
Silver (Ag)
distribution profile, 104
–halide complexes, 92
Singlet state, 427–430
Smog, 183, 224
Sodium (Na)
bioconcentration, 109
measuring, 66
residence time, 99
rock origins, 125
Sodium chloride
density, 145
effect on water properties, 143–145
and electrostriction, 145–152
heat of hydration, 144
Sodium ions
air–sea exchange, 82
in vent waters, 446
Sodium nitrate, 345
SOFeX Study, 398–403
Soft acids, 162
Soils, 406–407
SOIREE (Southern Ocean Iron release
Experiment), 399–403
Solar radiation, 184–185
and atmosphere, 198–200
removal of carbon dioxide, 259
Solids, in seawater, 55
Solubility pump, 259
Solutes, hard and soft acids, 162
Solutions, electrostriction, 145–152
Solvents, ion pairs in, 155
Somali Current, 31
Sorensen equation, 265
South Atlantic
bottom waters, 22
deep waters, 24
gyre, 18–19
surface waters, 24
water masses, 22, 24
Southeastern trade winds, 31
South Equatorial Countercurrent, 27
South Equatorial Current, 18, 27, 28, 29, 31
Southern Hemisphere, 17
Southern Ocean
convergence zones, 25–26
phytoplankton stocks, 383
SOFeX Study, 398–403
surface water circulation, 25–26
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), 51
South Indian Ocean, 30–31
South Pacific
bottom waters, 29
gyre, 27
iron levels, 385
surface water salinity, 28–29
T-S diagrams, 29–30
South Pole, 217
Southwestern monsoon winds, 31
Southwest Monsoon Current, 31
Speciation
defined, 129
metals in seawater, 157–161
and pH, 160–161
Spin-paired molecules, 428–430
Stagnant film model, 232–234
Standard mean ocean water (SMOW), 86
Standing crop, 369, 370
Stanols, 421
Stanones, 421
Stark–Einstein law, 425
Stationary phase, phytoplankton growth, 377
Stearic acid, 419
Stenohaline organisms, 375
Stenols, 421
Steranes, 421
Steroids, 420–421
Sterols, 420–421
Stirring revolution, 124
St. Lawrence River, 76–77
Stratopause, 183
Stratosphere, 183
Streams, acidic, 198
Strontium (Sr), 447
Subantarctic zone, 25