571
Index
Vertical profile, 5
Vertical section, 5
Vibrational energy, 427
Viruses, 404
Visible light, 425
Vitamin B 1 , 376
Vitamin B 12 , 376
Vitamin C, 376
Volcanism, 81
Vostok ice core, 385
W
Warm core rings, 20–21
Warm vents, 441
Water
anomalous properties, 133, 137
atmospheric, 190, 191
boiling point, 131, 144
in clouds, 191–192
crystal molal volume, 152
density, 145
dielectric constant, 131–132
dipole–dipole interactions, 132–134
dipole moment, 132–133, 139
dissociation constant, 131–132, 264–269
equilibrium constant, 264
freezing point depression, 144
hydrogen bonds, 132–134, 137, 140
inert gases, dissolution of, 255–257
–ion interactions, 141–153
isotopic variations, 85–87
maximum density, 135
and photosynthesis, 367–369
physicochemical properties, 130–134
pressure effects, 133
sodium chloride effects, 143–145
solvent properties, 130–134
structure, 134–140, 152–153
structure at interfaces, 140
temperature effects, 132–133
thermodynamic properties, 137–140
timescale and structure measurements,
139–140
Water mass tracers, micronutrients as, 362–365
Water vapor
atmospheric, 227
pressure, 144, 228–229
and thermal radiation, 200
Wavelength, and frequency, 428
Waves, gas transfer rate and, 237
Waxes, 408, 419–420
Weathering
and carbon dioxide, 259
and elements, 114, 116, 118–119, 121–127
reverse, 116
and rock type, 125–126
siliceous materials from, 360
Weddell Sea, 26
Westerlies, and circulation, 17
West Greenland Current, 33
West wind drift, 25
White gap aerosols, 82
White smokers, 441
Whitings, 4
Wind-driven circulation, 17
Wind velocity, and air-sea gas exchange,
236–237, 282–283
WOCE. See World Ocean Circulation
Experiment
World Ocean. See Oceans
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE),
2, 310, 388
X
Xenon (Xe), 239
Y
Yeast
metabolism of organic matter, 403
nitrogen fixation, 347–348
Young’s rules, 176, 178, 180
Z
Zinc (Zn)
distribution profile, 102, 104
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
in vent waters, 446
Zooplankton
feeding on particulate organic matter,
415–416
and low chlorophyll areas, 383
phosphorus cycle and, 341
Index
Vertical profile, 5
Vertical section, 5
Vibrational energy, 427
Viruses, 404
Visible light, 425
Vitamin B 1 , 376
Vitamin B 12 , 376
Vitamin C, 376
Volcanism, 81
Vostok ice core, 385
W
Warm core rings, 20–21
Warm vents, 441
Water
anomalous properties, 133, 137
atmospheric, 190, 191
boiling point, 131, 144
in clouds, 191–192
crystal molal volume, 152
density, 145
dielectric constant, 131–132
dipole–dipole interactions, 132–134
dipole moment, 132–133, 139
dissociation constant, 131–132, 264–269
equilibrium constant, 264
freezing point depression, 144
hydrogen bonds, 132–134, 137, 140
inert gases, dissolution of, 255–257
–ion interactions, 141–153
isotopic variations, 85–87
maximum density, 135
and photosynthesis, 367–369
physicochemical properties, 130–134
pressure effects, 133
sodium chloride effects, 143–145
solvent properties, 130–134
structure, 134–140, 152–153
structure at interfaces, 140
temperature effects, 132–133
thermodynamic properties, 137–140
timescale and structure measurements,
139–140
Water mass tracers, micronutrients as, 362–365
Water vapor
atmospheric, 227
pressure, 144, 228–229
and thermal radiation, 200
Wavelength, and frequency, 428
Waves, gas transfer rate and, 237
Waxes, 408, 419–420
Weathering
and carbon dioxide, 259
and elements, 114, 116, 118–119, 121–127
reverse, 116
and rock type, 125–126
siliceous materials from, 360
Weddell Sea, 26
Westerlies, and circulation, 17
West Greenland Current, 33
West wind drift, 25
White gap aerosols, 82
White smokers, 441
Whitings, 4
Wind-driven circulation, 17
Wind velocity, and air-sea gas exchange,
236–237, 282–283
WOCE. See World Ocean Circulation
Experiment
World Ocean. See Oceans
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE),
2, 310, 388
X
Xenon (Xe), 239
Y
Yeast
metabolism of organic matter, 403
nitrogen fixation, 347–348
Young’s rules, 176, 178, 180
Z
Zinc (Zn)
distribution profile, 102, 104
Framvaren Fjord, 479
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497
in vent waters, 446
Zooplankton
feeding on particulate organic matter,
415–416
and low chlorophyll areas, 383
phosphorus cycle and, 341