566
Index
Proteins
formation of, 347
nitrogen composition, 419
Protons, structure in aqueous solutions, 152
Protozoa, 403
Pycnocline
Cariaco Trench, 467
and circulation, 17
defined, 14
Framvaren Fjord, 478
Pyruvic acid, 347
Q
Quartz, 360, 478
QuickBasic, 279
R
Radiolarians, 360, 361–362
Rainwater
acidic. See Acid rain
hydrogen peroxide in, 188
nitric acid in, 193
organic carbon inputs, 408
and salinity, 8–11
Rare earth series metals, 91, 463, 465
Rayleigh scattering, 381–382
Reactive nitrogen species, 192–198
Redfield ratio, 356–359, 364, 374, 456, 494
Redox reactions
kinetics, 130
metals, 108, 438–439
oxic–anoxic interface, 490
rare earth metals in, 463, 465
surface waters, 438–439
transients, 430–431
Red Sea
calcium profile, 81
deep waters, 32
depth of, 35
salinity, 9, 32, 35
sill depth, 32
surface water circulation, 35
temperature distribution, 35
Refrigerants, 42
Regenerative production, 370
Remobilization, of metals, 111–113
Residence times
and atomic number, 99–100
defined, 98
elements, 98–101
observed/calculated, 100–101
and partition coefficient, 123–125
Resistance, gas transport, 235–236
Respiration, 369, 377, 456–458
Respiration quotient (RQ), 369
Retardation phase, phytoplankton growth, 377
Revelle factor (R), 293, 295
Reverse weathering, 116
Riboflavin phosphate, 369
Rings
Gulf Stream, 20–21
Kuroshio Current, 27
Rivers
cycling of weathered products, 114, 116,
118–119, 121–127
dissolved constituents, 69–78
element input, 98
organic matter inputs, 406–407
runoff, 36
salinity, 71–78, 125
Rocks
element cycling, 114, 116, 118–119, 121–127
weathering products, 125–126
Ross Sea, 26
Rotational energy, 428–429
Rubidium (Rb), 102, 446
S
Sahara desert, 221
Salinity
absolute, 57–58, 61–64
and chlorinity, 58–64
conductivity and, 59–62
defined, 57
and density, 58–64
distribution, 5–16
and evaporation, 8–11
and freezing, 8
and gas solubility, 238
mean, 2
measuring, 57–64, 69
and melting ice, 8
oceans, 2
and phytoplankton growth, 375
practical, 61–62
and rainfall, 8–11
river water, 71–78, 125
surface waters, 8–16
Salinity scale, 60–62
Salinometers, 59
Index
Proteins
formation of, 347
nitrogen composition, 419
Protons, structure in aqueous solutions, 152
Protozoa, 403
Pycnocline
Cariaco Trench, 467
and circulation, 17
defined, 14
Framvaren Fjord, 478
Pyruvic acid, 347
Q
Quartz, 360, 478
QuickBasic, 279
R
Radiolarians, 360, 361–362
Rainwater
acidic. See Acid rain
hydrogen peroxide in, 188
nitric acid in, 193
organic carbon inputs, 408
and salinity, 8–11
Rare earth series metals, 91, 463, 465
Rayleigh scattering, 381–382
Reactive nitrogen species, 192–198
Redfield ratio, 356–359, 364, 374, 456, 494
Redox reactions
kinetics, 130
metals, 108, 438–439
oxic–anoxic interface, 490
rare earth metals in, 463, 465
surface waters, 438–439
transients, 430–431
Red Sea
calcium profile, 81
deep waters, 32
depth of, 35
salinity, 9, 32, 35
sill depth, 32
surface water circulation, 35
temperature distribution, 35
Refrigerants, 42
Regenerative production, 370
Remobilization, of metals, 111–113
Residence times
and atomic number, 99–100
defined, 98
elements, 98–101
observed/calculated, 100–101
and partition coefficient, 123–125
Resistance, gas transport, 235–236
Respiration, 369, 377, 456–458
Respiration quotient (RQ), 369
Retardation phase, phytoplankton growth, 377
Revelle factor (R), 293, 295
Reverse weathering, 116
Riboflavin phosphate, 369
Rings
Gulf Stream, 20–21
Kuroshio Current, 27
Rivers
cycling of weathered products, 114, 116,
118–119, 121–127
dissolved constituents, 69–78
element input, 98
organic matter inputs, 406–407
runoff, 36
salinity, 71–78, 125
Rocks
element cycling, 114, 116, 118–119, 121–127
weathering products, 125–126
Ross Sea, 26
Rotational energy, 428–429
Rubidium (Rb), 102, 446
S
Sahara desert, 221
Salinity
absolute, 57–58, 61–64
and chlorinity, 58–64
conductivity and, 59–62
defined, 57
and density, 58–64
distribution, 5–16
and evaporation, 8–11
and freezing, 8
and gas solubility, 238
mean, 2
measuring, 57–64, 69
and melting ice, 8
oceans, 2
and phytoplankton growth, 375
practical, 61–62
and rainfall, 8–11
river water, 71–78, 125
surface waters, 8–16
Salinity scale, 60–62
Salinometers, 59