564
Index
deep water, 415–416
distribution of, 415
estimating, 415
metal adsorption, 111–113
percent POC, 409
production by phytoplankton, 112–113
vertical flux, 415–416
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON), 415
Partition coefficients
and electronegativity of elements, 124–125
ocean-rock, 122–125
and residence time, 123–125
PCBs, 408
Pelagic sediment, 4, 295
Peridinium balticum, 375
Peroxidase, 434
Peru Current, 28
Petroleum, 420
pH
acidification of oceans, 314–329
decadal changes, 313–314
defined, 265
depth profiles, 286–288
diurnal variations, 286
and electromotive force, 265–267
estimating future values, 315–317
estimating past values, 314–316
free/total scales, 266–269
hydrothermal vent waters, 446
indicators, 267–268
measuring, 267–268, 274
and metal speciation, 160–161, 317, 320–323,
326–329
NBS scale, 266
nitrogen fixation and, 316–317
photosynthesis, 316–317
seawater, 65, 118–119, 158–161, 259, 260, 264,
274–275
surface waters, 286–288
Phosphate:hydrogen sulfide ratio, 492–493
Phosphate
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 460–461, 465–466,
473, 475, 485
cycle, 113, 340–341
determination of, 340
distribution, 340–342
–molybdenum complexes, 360
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
total organic, 352–354
Phosphate esters, 335
Phospholipids, 335
Phosphonucleotides, 335
Phosphorescence, 429–430
Phosphoric acid, ionization products, 335–340
Phosphorus (P)
in anoxic waters, 455–459
C:N:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 475–479
phytoplankton, 356–359, 364, 374, 455–456
C:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
marine detritus, 494
cycle, 113, 340–341
dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP),
352–354, 409, 413
N:P ratio, 357–359
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
P:N:C, 354
particulate, 340
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
in seawater, 335–342
Photic zone, 373
Photoautolithotrophy
nonoxygenic, 441
oxygenic, 443
Photobleaching, 440
Photochemical effect, 425
Photochemical processes
defined, 425
hydrogen peroxide in, 431–439
at hydrothermal vents, 441–453
hydroxyl radical formation, 186–189, 439–440
in natural waters, 431
Photochemical reactions
dark reverse reactions, 426
equilibrium, 426
light reactions, 425, 431
primary, 425
steps in, 426–427
yield of, 425–426
Photochemical smog, 183, 224
Photochemistry, 45, 425
Photons, solar, 184–185
Photoreduction, iron, 438–439
Photosynthesis
bacteria, 482–483
compensation depth, 377
dark reactions, 369
and depth, 377, 379
and dissolved oxygen concentration, 243
light reactions, 367, 369, 374–375
pH and, 316–317
phosphorus compounds in, 340–341
primary production, 367–369
process, 367, 369
Index
deep water, 415–416
distribution of, 415
estimating, 415
metal adsorption, 111–113
percent POC, 409
production by phytoplankton, 112–113
vertical flux, 415–416
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON), 415
Partition coefficients
and electronegativity of elements, 124–125
ocean-rock, 122–125
and residence time, 123–125
PCBs, 408
Pelagic sediment, 4, 295
Peridinium balticum, 375
Peroxidase, 434
Peru Current, 28
Petroleum, 420
pH
acidification of oceans, 314–329
decadal changes, 313–314
defined, 265
depth profiles, 286–288
diurnal variations, 286
and electromotive force, 265–267
estimating future values, 315–317
estimating past values, 314–316
free/total scales, 266–269
hydrothermal vent waters, 446
indicators, 267–268
measuring, 267–268, 274
and metal speciation, 160–161, 317, 320–323,
326–329
NBS scale, 266
nitrogen fixation and, 316–317
photosynthesis, 316–317
seawater, 65, 118–119, 158–161, 259, 260, 264,
274–275
surface waters, 286–288
Phosphate:hydrogen sulfide ratio, 492–493
Phosphate
in anoxic waters, 458–459, 460–461, 465–466,
473, 475, 485
cycle, 113, 340–341
determination of, 340
distribution, 340–342
–molybdenum complexes, 360
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
total organic, 352–354
Phosphate esters, 335
Phospholipids, 335
Phosphonucleotides, 335
Phosphorescence, 429–430
Phosphoric acid, ionization products, 335–340
Phosphorus (P)
in anoxic waters, 455–459
C:N:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
organic matter, 475–479
phytoplankton, 356–359, 364, 374, 455–456
C:P ratio
Framvaren Fjord, 495
marine detritus, 494
cycle, 113, 340–341
dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP),
352–354, 409, 413
N:P ratio, 357–359
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
P:N:C, 354
particulate, 340
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
in seawater, 335–342
Photic zone, 373
Photoautolithotrophy
nonoxygenic, 441
oxygenic, 443
Photobleaching, 440
Photochemical effect, 425
Photochemical processes
defined, 425
hydrogen peroxide in, 431–439
at hydrothermal vents, 441–453
hydroxyl radical formation, 186–189, 439–440
in natural waters, 431
Photochemical reactions
dark reverse reactions, 426
equilibrium, 426
light reactions, 425, 431
primary, 425
steps in, 426–427
yield of, 425–426
Photochemical smog, 183, 224
Photochemistry, 45, 425
Photons, solar, 184–185
Photoreduction, iron, 438–439
Photosynthesis
bacteria, 482–483
compensation depth, 377
dark reactions, 369
and depth, 377, 379
and dissolved oxygen concentration, 243
light reactions, 367, 369, 374–375
pH and, 316–317
phosphorus compounds in, 340–341
primary production, 367–369
process, 367, 369