563
Index
Organic matter
in aerosols, 224, 408
C:N:P ratio, 457–459
C:N ratio, 494–495
C:P ratio, 494
dissolved. See Dissolved organic matter
(DOM)
and dissolved oxygen levels, 248
oxidation of, 250, 251
particulate. See Particulate organic matter
(POM)
and productivity, 129–130, 405–421
salting out, 407
sources, 406–409
transformation by marine organisms,
403–405, 408–409
types of, 416–421
Organic solutes, air–sea exchange, 82, 84
Orthophosphate, 367
Osmotic pressure, solutions, 145
Oxic waters, nitrate levels, 461–462
Oxidation ratio, phytoplankton, 356–358
Oxygen (O)
accumulation in photic zone, 373
air–sea exchange, 237
electronically excited, 185
hydrogen sulfide oxidation, 495–496
isotopes, 85–87
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
and photosynthesis, 367–369
solubility in seawater, 242–252; See also
Dissolved oxygen
supersaturation, 230
Oxygen-18 ( 18 O), 85–87, 371
Oxygen liberation method, 370–372
Oxygen respirometry, 405
Oxygen utilization rates (OURs), 373, 380
Ozone
atmospheric reactions, 184–189, 192–196
formation of, 184
reactions with nitrogen gases, 192–196
Ozone depletion
and chlorine monoxide, 213–218
and chlorofluorocarbons, 183, 210–213
P
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 50–51
Pacific Ocean
aerosol inputs, 221
calcite/aragonite saturation profiles, 296, 313
carbon dioxide storage, 310–314
14 C/C ratio, 40
central waters, 28
currents, 17
deep waters
salinity, 29
temperatures, 29
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 412–413
dissolved oxygen profiles, 243–249
equatorial currents, 27
equatorial water masses, 28, 29
helium saturation anomaly, 241
lysocline, 303
manganese levels, 383
metals distribution, 108
N:P:C:O ratio, 359
N:P ratio, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 348–349
pCO 2 , 285–286
percent of world ocean, 2
phosphorus profiles, 341–342
phytoplankton stocks, 383
salinity sections, 11–13
silicates, 360, 362
subarctic waters, 29
surface waters
circulation, 27–29
pH, 286–288
salinity, 28–29
temperatures, 28
temperature sections, 8–11
total alkalinity (TA), 288–291
total dissolved carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ),
291–295
tritium profiles, 41–42
T-S diagrams, 29
vertical salinity distribution, 11
Pack ice, 34–35
Paraffins, 419
Partial pressure
carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), 262, 278–286
surface waters, 283–284, 307, 309
gases, 227–229
Particulate organic phosphorus (POP), 415
Particulate organic carbon (POC)
to estimate POM, 415–416
lipid fraction, 416
profiles, 409–413
river transport of, 406–407
seasonal variations, 409–410
Particulate organic matter (POM)
carbohydrates in, 418
composition of, 415
Index
Organic matter
in aerosols, 224, 408
C:N:P ratio, 457–459
C:N ratio, 494–495
C:P ratio, 494
dissolved. See Dissolved organic matter
(DOM)
and dissolved oxygen levels, 248
oxidation of, 250, 251
particulate. See Particulate organic matter
(POM)
and productivity, 129–130, 405–421
salting out, 407
sources, 406–409
transformation by marine organisms,
403–405, 408–409
types of, 416–421
Organic solutes, air–sea exchange, 82, 84
Orthophosphate, 367
Osmotic pressure, solutions, 145
Oxic waters, nitrate levels, 461–462
Oxidation ratio, phytoplankton, 356–358
Oxygen (O)
accumulation in photic zone, 373
air–sea exchange, 237
electronically excited, 185
hydrogen sulfide oxidation, 495–496
isotopes, 85–87
P:N:C:O ratio, 357–359
and photosynthesis, 367–369
solubility in seawater, 242–252; See also
Dissolved oxygen
supersaturation, 230
Oxygen-18 ( 18 O), 85–87, 371
Oxygen liberation method, 370–372
Oxygen respirometry, 405
Oxygen utilization rates (OURs), 373, 380
Ozone
atmospheric reactions, 184–189, 192–196
formation of, 184
reactions with nitrogen gases, 192–196
Ozone depletion
and chlorine monoxide, 213–218
and chlorofluorocarbons, 183, 210–213
P
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 50–51
Pacific Ocean
aerosol inputs, 221
calcite/aragonite saturation profiles, 296, 313
carbon dioxide storage, 310–314
14 C/C ratio, 40
central waters, 28
currents, 17
deep waters
salinity, 29
temperatures, 29
dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 412–413
dissolved oxygen profiles, 243–249
equatorial currents, 27
equatorial water masses, 28, 29
helium saturation anomaly, 241
lysocline, 303
manganese levels, 383
metals distribution, 108
N:P:C:O ratio, 359
N:P ratio, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 348–349
pCO 2 , 285–286
percent of world ocean, 2
phosphorus profiles, 341–342
phytoplankton stocks, 383
salinity sections, 11–13
silicates, 360, 362
subarctic waters, 29
surface waters
circulation, 27–29
pH, 286–288
salinity, 28–29
temperatures, 28
temperature sections, 8–11
total alkalinity (TA), 288–291
total dissolved carbon dioxide (TCO 2 ),
291–295
tritium profiles, 41–42
T-S diagrams, 29
vertical salinity distribution, 11
Pack ice, 34–35
Paraffins, 419
Partial pressure
carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ), 262, 278–286
surface waters, 283–284, 307, 309
gases, 227–229
Particulate organic phosphorus (POP), 415
Particulate organic carbon (POC)
to estimate POM, 415–416
lipid fraction, 416
profiles, 409–413
river transport of, 406–407
seasonal variations, 409–410
Particulate organic matter (POM)
carbohydrates in, 418
composition of, 415