560
Index
Marine organisms
decomposition/excretion products, 335
metal uptake, 111–113
micronutrient requirements, 335
organic matter transformation, 403–405,
408–409
photosynthesis, 367–369
production. See Primary production
trace element concentrations, 109–113
“Marine snow,” 415
MATLAB ® , 279
Mauna Loa Observatory, 202
Mediterranean Sea
depth, 35
inflow to Black Sea, 459–460
salinity, 9, 35
surface water circulation, 35
temperatures, 35
Mercury (Hg), 97
Mesosphere, 183
Metabolism, 369, 403–405
Metal(s); See also individual elements
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
anoxic waters, 108, 462–465
bioadsorption, 111–112
bioconcentration, 111
biological interactions, 109–113, 129–130
Black Sea, 462–465
Cariaco Trench, 470, 472–473, 475
classification, 91, 92, 162
cycling, 113
d 0 cations, 91–92
d 10 cations, 92, 94, 97
distribution profiles, 102–109
and enzymes, 376
fraction in seawater, 165, 168–171
Framvaren Fjord, 479, 480–482
halide complexes, 91, 92, 94, 96–97
hard and soft acids, 162
hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497–502
major, 91, 92
minor, 91, 92
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376,
383–384; See also Iron hypothesis
and productivity, 129–130
reactions with superoxide anions, 438
recycling, 112
redox reactions, 108, 130, 438–439
remobilization, 111–113
scavenging, 112
speciation in seawater, 129, 157–166, 168–171
and sulfate reduction, 443
transition. See Transition metals
uptake by marine organisms, 111–113
in vent waters, 446–452
Metal complexes
halide ligands, 91, 92, 94, 96–97
inorganic ligands, 160–161
kinetics, 130
organic ligands, 97, 129–130, 160–161
Metal ions
hydration thermodynamics, 142
ion–ion interactions, 156–157
oxidation states, 157–161
and pH, 160–161, 317, 320–323, 326–329
speciation in freshwater, 168–171
speciation in seawater, 161–166, 168–171
Metal oxides, 490, 496
Metal sulfides, 483
Methane
in anoxic waters, 457
atmospheric, 190, 206
concentrations in seawater, 419
depth profile, 252
in vent waters, 451
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA), 219–221
Methylchloroform, 212–213
Methyl radical, 187
Methyperoxyl radical, 187–188
Mexican lagoons, 78–81
Microautoradiography, 405
Microbial transformations, 403–405, 408–409
Microcalimetry, 405
Microcline perthite, 478
Micronutrients
nitrogen compounds, 342–359
phosphorus, 335–342
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
rate of consumption, 370
silicon compounds, 359–362
as water mass tracers, 362–365
Microplankton, 367
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 22, 441
Middepth maxima, 107
Middepth minima, 106–108
Mindano Trench, 7
Mississippi River, 37, 248, 455
Mixing properties, excess, 177–180
Mixture models, water structure, 135–140
Molality, seawater, 67–69
Molds
metabolism of organic matter, 403
nitrogen fixation, 347–348
Index
Marine organisms
decomposition/excretion products, 335
metal uptake, 111–113
micronutrient requirements, 335
organic matter transformation, 403–405,
408–409
photosynthesis, 367–369
production. See Primary production
trace element concentrations, 109–113
“Marine snow,” 415
MATLAB ® , 279
Mauna Loa Observatory, 202
Mediterranean Sea
depth, 35
inflow to Black Sea, 459–460
salinity, 9, 35
surface water circulation, 35
temperatures, 35
Mercury (Hg), 97
Mesosphere, 183
Metabolism, 369, 403–405
Metal(s); See also individual elements
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
anoxic waters, 108, 462–465
bioadsorption, 111–112
bioconcentration, 111
biological interactions, 109–113, 129–130
Black Sea, 462–465
Cariaco Trench, 470, 472–473, 475
classification, 91, 92, 162
cycling, 113
d 0 cations, 91–92
d 10 cations, 92, 94, 97
distribution profiles, 102–109
and enzymes, 376
fraction in seawater, 165, 168–171
Framvaren Fjord, 479, 480–482
halide complexes, 91, 92, 94, 96–97
hard and soft acids, 162
hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 497–502
major, 91, 92
minor, 91, 92
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376,
383–384; See also Iron hypothesis
and productivity, 129–130
reactions with superoxide anions, 438
recycling, 112
redox reactions, 108, 130, 438–439
remobilization, 111–113
scavenging, 112
speciation in seawater, 129, 157–166, 168–171
and sulfate reduction, 443
transition. See Transition metals
uptake by marine organisms, 111–113
in vent waters, 446–452
Metal complexes
halide ligands, 91, 92, 94, 96–97
inorganic ligands, 160–161
kinetics, 130
organic ligands, 97, 129–130, 160–161
Metal ions
hydration thermodynamics, 142
ion–ion interactions, 156–157
oxidation states, 157–161
and pH, 160–161, 317, 320–323, 326–329
speciation in freshwater, 168–171
speciation in seawater, 161–166, 168–171
Metal oxides, 490, 496
Metal sulfides, 483
Methane
in anoxic waters, 457
atmospheric, 190, 206
concentrations in seawater, 419
depth profile, 252
in vent waters, 451
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA), 219–221
Methylchloroform, 212–213
Methyl radical, 187
Methyperoxyl radical, 187–188
Mexican lagoons, 78–81
Microautoradiography, 405
Microbial transformations, 403–405, 408–409
Microcalimetry, 405
Microcline perthite, 478
Micronutrients
nitrogen compounds, 342–359
phosphorus, 335–342
and phytoplankton growth, 375–376
rate of consumption, 370
silicon compounds, 359–362
as water mass tracers, 362–365
Microplankton, 367
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 22, 441
Middepth maxima, 107
Middepth minima, 106–108
Mindano Trench, 7
Mississippi River, 37, 248, 455
Mixing properties, excess, 177–180
Mixture models, water structure, 135–140
Molality, seawater, 67–69
Molds
metabolism of organic matter, 403
nitrogen fixation, 347–348