558
Index
I
Ice
crystal phases, 136
melting and salinity, 8
polar ice caps, 34–35
types of, 136
Ice cores, 203
Ice-like models, water structure, 136–137
Ideal gas law, 27–28, 183–184, 227–228
Igneous rocks, 116
Indian Ocean
deep waters
salinity, 29, 32
temperature, 29, 32
dissolved oxygen profiles, 243–248, 250
equatorial currents, 31
N:P ratio, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 349
percent of world ocean, 2
Redfield ratio, 358–359
salinity sections, 11–13
surface water circulation, 30–32
temperature sections, 8–11
T-S diagrams, 31–32
Industrial effluents, 407
Inert gases, 255–257
Infrared (IR) radiation
adsorption by atmospheric gases, 198–207
and photochemical processes, 425
preindustrial trapping, 200
Inorganic carbon, to organic carbon, 281
Inorganic compounds
dielectric constant, 132
inorganic-phosphorus compounds
ionization products, 335–340
particulate, 340
photoreactions, 431
Inorganic ligands
and metals, 160–161
pH and, 317, 320–323, 326–329
Inorganic solutes
air-sea exchange, 82, 84
major, 55–57
measuring, 64–66
minor, 55
world river water, 69–78
Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOC), standard
seawater, 58
Interfaces, air–sea. See Air–sea interface
Interhemispheric mixing times, 190
Interstitial pore waters, 84–85
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 190
Iodine (I)
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
distribution profiles, 106
and ozone loss, 218
Ions
activity coefficients, 154–155, 159, 162–166
in mixed solutions, 166, 171–175
electrostriction, 145–152
hydration thermodynamics, 141–145
ion–ion interactions, 153–175
Debye–Hückel theory, 141, 154–155
ion-pairing model, 161–166
metals, 156–157
mixed solutions, 176–180
specific interaction model, 166, 171–175
ion pairing constants, 163
ion–water interactions, 141–153
Born model, 146–152
electrostriction, 145–152
proton structure, 152
mean activity coefficient, 154–155
and ocean acidification, 317, 320–323, 326–329
pairs
metal sulfides, 498
types of, 155–156
partial molal properties, 147–149
radius, 146–152
sea–air exchange, 82, 84
structural hydration models, 149–152
Ion exchange reaction, 118–119
Ionization, heats of, 141
Ionization energy, molecules, 427–430
Iron (Fe)
in anoxic waters, 501–502
Black Sea, 462–463
Cariaco Trench, 472, 475
colloidal, 389
cycling, 113, 396–397
distribution profile, 105
in dust, 223–224
Framvaren Fjord, 479, 480–482
function of, 384
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates,
497–498
oxidation states, 389
and electric potential of seawater,
158–161
and solubility, 396
and phytoplankton growth, 376
redox reactions, 108, 438–439, 497–498
residence times in surface waters, 396
speciation and pH, 320–323
in vent waters, 446, 448–452
Index
I
Ice
crystal phases, 136
melting and salinity, 8
polar ice caps, 34–35
types of, 136
Ice cores, 203
Ice-like models, water structure, 136–137
Ideal gas law, 27–28, 183–184, 227–228
Igneous rocks, 116
Indian Ocean
deep waters
salinity, 29, 32
temperature, 29, 32
dissolved oxygen profiles, 243–248, 250
equatorial currents, 31
N:P ratio, 355–356
nitrate profiles, 349
percent of world ocean, 2
Redfield ratio, 358–359
salinity sections, 11–13
surface water circulation, 30–32
temperature sections, 8–11
T-S diagrams, 31–32
Industrial effluents, 407
Inert gases, 255–257
Infrared (IR) radiation
adsorption by atmospheric gases, 198–207
and photochemical processes, 425
preindustrial trapping, 200
Inorganic carbon, to organic carbon, 281
Inorganic compounds
dielectric constant, 132
inorganic-phosphorus compounds
ionization products, 335–340
particulate, 340
photoreactions, 431
Inorganic ligands
and metals, 160–161
pH and, 317, 320–323, 326–329
Inorganic solutes
air-sea exchange, 82, 84
major, 55–57
measuring, 64–66
minor, 55
world river water, 69–78
Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOC), standard
seawater, 58
Interfaces, air–sea. See Air–sea interface
Interhemispheric mixing times, 190
Interstitial pore waters, 84–85
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 190
Iodine (I)
air–sea exchange, 82, 84
distribution profiles, 106
and ozone loss, 218
Ions
activity coefficients, 154–155, 159, 162–166
in mixed solutions, 166, 171–175
electrostriction, 145–152
hydration thermodynamics, 141–145
ion–ion interactions, 153–175
Debye–Hückel theory, 141, 154–155
ion-pairing model, 161–166
metals, 156–157
mixed solutions, 176–180
specific interaction model, 166, 171–175
ion pairing constants, 163
ion–water interactions, 141–153
Born model, 146–152
electrostriction, 145–152
proton structure, 152
mean activity coefficient, 154–155
and ocean acidification, 317, 320–323, 326–329
pairs
metal sulfides, 498
types of, 155–156
partial molal properties, 147–149
radius, 146–152
sea–air exchange, 82, 84
structural hydration models, 149–152
Ion exchange reaction, 118–119
Ionization, heats of, 141
Ionization energy, molecules, 427–430
Iron (Fe)
in anoxic waters, 501–502
Black Sea, 462–463
Cariaco Trench, 472, 475
colloidal, 389
cycling, 113, 396–397
distribution profile, 105
in dust, 223–224
Framvaren Fjord, 479, 480–482
function of, 384
and hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates,
497–498
oxidation states, 389
and electric potential of seawater,
158–161
and solubility, 396
and phytoplankton growth, 376
redox reactions, 108, 438–439, 497–498
residence times in surface waters, 396
speciation and pH, 320–323
in vent waters, 446, 448–452