557
Index
Halocline
anoxic basins from, 454
Framvaren Fjord, 484
Hard acids, 162
Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOT) station
dissolved organic matter values, 410–413
N:P ratio, 356
pCO 2 , 284
Heavy metals; See also Metals
bioconcentration, 110
in seawater, 97
tissue distribution, 110
Heavy water, 85–87
Helium (He)
distribution profile, 107
3 He/ 4 He ratio, 241
isotopes, 42
saturation anomalies, 241
sources, 241
Helium-3 ( 3 He), 40–43, 241
Helium-4 ( 4 He), 241
Hellvikfjord, 478, 483
Henry’s law, 229–230, 232–237
High-nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) areas,
383–386
H.M.S. Challenger, 56
Horizontal ventilation, 491
Hornblende, 478
Hot springs, 445–446
Hot vents, 441
Humboldt Current, 28
Humic materials
carbon storage, 260, 406, 407
as chromophores, 431
composition of, 420
in dissolved organic matter (DOM), 406, 415
hydrogen peroxide production, 432
and hydroxyl radical formation, 440
Humidity, and gas solubility, 238
Humin, 420
Hydration convention, 270
Hydration functions
electrolytes, 141–153
transition metals, 146–152
Hydration numbers, solutes, 150–151
Hydrocarbons, 419, 451
Hydrogen (H)
depth profile, 252
isotopes, 85–86
Hydrogen bonds
“acceptor-only,” 140
“single-donor,” 140
water, 132–134, 137, 140
Hydrogen ion, equilibrium in seawater,
264–269
Hydrogenous sediments, 4
Hydrogen peroxide
formation of, 431–439
sources, 431–432
Hydrogen sulfide
in anoxic waters, 108, 458–459, 465–466,
472–473, 495–502
from basalt, 444
dissociation constant, 497
in natural waters, 495–502
oxidants, 495–496
oxidation, 458–459, 472–473
bacterial, 441
and pH, 499
rate equation, 496
and total alkalinity (TA), 459
in vent waters, 443–444, 448–449, 495
Hydroperoxyl radical, 187, 192–193
Hydrophobic bonding, 256
Hydrothermal fluxes, 444–447
Hydrothermal vents
sites of, 441–442
types of, 441
Hydrothermal vent waters
bacterial chemosynthesis at, 441, 443
chemical processes, 441–453
composition, 81, 107, 446–452
hydrocarbons in, 451
hydrogen sulfide in, 443–444, 448–449,
495–502
magnesium loss, 122
metals in, 446–452
organisms around, 441
pH, 446
silicates in, 122, 360
temperature of, 443
Hydroxide
equilibrium in seawater, 264–269
–metal complexes, 91, 94, 96–97
and ocean acidification, 317, 320–323,
326–329
Hydroxylamine, 342, 346
Hydroxyl radical
atmospheric reactions, 185–189, 192–193
oxidation of dimethylsulfide, 219–220
and ozone, 211
from photochemical processes, 186–189,
439–440
reaction with bromide, 439
sources/sinks, 440
Hyponitrite ion, 342, 346
Index
Halocline
anoxic basins from, 454
Framvaren Fjord, 484
Hard acids, 162
Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOT) station
dissolved organic matter values, 410–413
N:P ratio, 356
pCO 2 , 284
Heavy metals; See also Metals
bioconcentration, 110
in seawater, 97
tissue distribution, 110
Heavy water, 85–87
Helium (He)
distribution profile, 107
3 He/ 4 He ratio, 241
isotopes, 42
saturation anomalies, 241
sources, 241
Helium-3 ( 3 He), 40–43, 241
Helium-4 ( 4 He), 241
Hellvikfjord, 478, 483
Henry’s law, 229–230, 232–237
High-nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) areas,
383–386
H.M.S. Challenger, 56
Horizontal ventilation, 491
Hornblende, 478
Hot springs, 445–446
Hot vents, 441
Humboldt Current, 28
Humic materials
carbon storage, 260, 406, 407
as chromophores, 431
composition of, 420
in dissolved organic matter (DOM), 406, 415
hydrogen peroxide production, 432
and hydroxyl radical formation, 440
Humidity, and gas solubility, 238
Humin, 420
Hydration convention, 270
Hydration functions
electrolytes, 141–153
transition metals, 146–152
Hydration numbers, solutes, 150–151
Hydrocarbons, 419, 451
Hydrogen (H)
depth profile, 252
isotopes, 85–86
Hydrogen bonds
“acceptor-only,” 140
“single-donor,” 140
water, 132–134, 137, 140
Hydrogen ion, equilibrium in seawater,
264–269
Hydrogenous sediments, 4
Hydrogen peroxide
formation of, 431–439
sources, 431–432
Hydrogen sulfide
in anoxic waters, 108, 458–459, 465–466,
472–473, 495–502
from basalt, 444
dissociation constant, 497
in natural waters, 495–502
oxidants, 495–496
oxidation, 458–459, 472–473
bacterial, 441
and pH, 499
rate equation, 496
and total alkalinity (TA), 459
in vent waters, 443–444, 448–449, 495
Hydroperoxyl radical, 187, 192–193
Hydrophobic bonding, 256
Hydrothermal fluxes, 444–447
Hydrothermal vents
sites of, 441–442
types of, 441
Hydrothermal vent waters
bacterial chemosynthesis at, 441, 443
chemical processes, 441–453
composition, 81, 107, 446–452
hydrocarbons in, 451
hydrogen sulfide in, 443–444, 448–449,
495–502
magnesium loss, 122
metals in, 446–452
organisms around, 441
pH, 446
silicates in, 122, 360
temperature of, 443
Hydroxide
equilibrium in seawater, 264–269
–metal complexes, 91, 94, 96–97
and ocean acidification, 317, 320–323,
326–329
Hydroxylamine, 342, 346
Hydroxyl radical
atmospheric reactions, 185–189, 192–193
oxidation of dimethylsulfide, 219–220
and ozone, 211
from photochemical processes, 186–189,
439–440
reaction with bromide, 439
sources/sinks, 440
Hyponitrite ion, 342, 346