556
Index
granitic rock, 478
halocline, 484
hydrogen sulfide, 478–479, 483–484, 497, 501
iron sulfides, 490
metals, 479, 480–482
normalized total alkalinity (NTA), 491–492
nutrients, 479–482, 484–486
oxic–anoxic interface, 479–480, 482, 484, 490
oxygen gradient, 490
pCO 2 , 492
pH, 485
phosphate:hydrogen sulfide ratio, 492
phosphate, 485
photosynthetic bacteria, 482–483
pycnocline, 478
salinity, 478, 483–484, 486–487
silicates, 485, 493
sill depth, 478
“submaximum temperature layer,” 486
sulfide gradient, 490
sulfur balance, 488, 491
surface water, 478
TCO 2 , 484, 485–486, 491–492
temperature profile, 478, 483–484
total alkalinity (TA), 484, 485, 491–492
T-S diagram, 487
water turnover, 487–488
Fraser River, 37
Free energy, electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Freezing
and salinity, 8, 144
and seawater composition, 84
Freons. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Frequency, and wavelength, 428
Freshwater
composition, 175–176
metal speciation, 168–171
organic carbon sources, 406–407
oxygen isotopes, 86
Fructose, 418
Fulvic materials, 407, 420, 431
Fungi, 403
G
Galapagos Islands, vent systems, 441, 445–446
Galapagos Plume Study, 391–397
Gases; See also individual gases
activity coefficients, 256–257
air–sea exchange, 82, 84, 232–237, 282–283
atmospheric, 189–192
conserved (nonreactive), 55, 227, 237–242
exit coefficient, 236–237, 282
ideal gas law, 27–28, 183–184, 227–228
isotopes, 229
noble, 227, 237–242
nonconserved (reactive), 55, 238, 252–258
partial pressure
atmospheric, 227–229
in solutions, 229–230
resistance, 235–236
salting coefficients, 256–257
saturation anomalies, 238–241
solubility in seawater, 229–232
nonreactive gases, 227, 237–242
reactive gases, 252–255
structural aspects, 255–257
transfer velocity, 233–234, 282–283
van der Waals coefficients, 228
“Gelbstoff,” 420
Geochemical Oceans Sections Study
(GEOSECS), 2
Geological oceanography, 1
GEOSECS. See Geochemical Oceans Sections
Study
GEOTRACES, 2, 51
Germanium, 102
Global ocean observing system (GOOS), 2
Glucose, 418
Glutamic acid, 346–347
Gobi desert, 221
GPS buoys, 388
Greenhouse gases, 183, 198–207
Greenland Sea, 32–34
Grotthus–Draper law, 425
Ground state, 428
Groundwater, 69
Gulf of Mexico Loop Current, 18
Gulf Stream, 17
flow rate, 18
hydrogen peroxide half-times, 432–433
rings, 20–21
Gyres
apparent oxygen utilization, 247
Atlantic Ocean, 18
and metals distribution, 108
Pacific Ocean waters, 27
Southern Ocean, 25
H
Hail, 192
Halides
hydration at interfaces, 140
–metal complexes, 91, 92, 94, 96–97
Index
granitic rock, 478
halocline, 484
hydrogen sulfide, 478–479, 483–484, 497, 501
iron sulfides, 490
metals, 479, 480–482
normalized total alkalinity (NTA), 491–492
nutrients, 479–482, 484–486
oxic–anoxic interface, 479–480, 482, 484, 490
oxygen gradient, 490
pCO 2 , 492
pH, 485
phosphate:hydrogen sulfide ratio, 492
phosphate, 485
photosynthetic bacteria, 482–483
pycnocline, 478
salinity, 478, 483–484, 486–487
silicates, 485, 493
sill depth, 478
“submaximum temperature layer,” 486
sulfide gradient, 490
sulfur balance, 488, 491
surface water, 478
TCO 2 , 484, 485–486, 491–492
temperature profile, 478, 483–484
total alkalinity (TA), 484, 485, 491–492
T-S diagram, 487
water turnover, 487–488
Fraser River, 37
Free energy, electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Freezing
and salinity, 8, 144
and seawater composition, 84
Freons. See Chlorofluorocarbons
Frequency, and wavelength, 428
Freshwater
composition, 175–176
metal speciation, 168–171
organic carbon sources, 406–407
oxygen isotopes, 86
Fructose, 418
Fulvic materials, 407, 420, 431
Fungi, 403
G
Galapagos Islands, vent systems, 441, 445–446
Galapagos Plume Study, 391–397
Gases; See also individual gases
activity coefficients, 256–257
air–sea exchange, 82, 84, 232–237, 282–283
atmospheric, 189–192
conserved (nonreactive), 55, 227, 237–242
exit coefficient, 236–237, 282
ideal gas law, 27–28, 183–184, 227–228
isotopes, 229
noble, 227, 237–242
nonconserved (reactive), 55, 238, 252–258
partial pressure
atmospheric, 227–229
in solutions, 229–230
resistance, 235–236
salting coefficients, 256–257
saturation anomalies, 238–241
solubility in seawater, 229–232
nonreactive gases, 227, 237–242
reactive gases, 252–255
structural aspects, 255–257
transfer velocity, 233–234, 282–283
van der Waals coefficients, 228
“Gelbstoff,” 420
Geochemical Oceans Sections Study
(GEOSECS), 2
Geological oceanography, 1
GEOSECS. See Geochemical Oceans Sections
Study
GEOTRACES, 2, 51
Germanium, 102
Global ocean observing system (GOOS), 2
Glucose, 418
Glutamic acid, 346–347
Gobi desert, 221
GPS buoys, 388
Greenhouse gases, 183, 198–207
Greenland Sea, 32–34
Grotthus–Draper law, 425
Ground state, 428
Groundwater, 69
Gulf of Mexico Loop Current, 18
Gulf Stream, 17
flow rate, 18
hydrogen peroxide half-times, 432–433
rings, 20–21
Gyres
apparent oxygen utilization, 247
Atlantic Ocean, 18
and metals distribution, 108
Pacific Ocean waters, 27
Southern Ocean, 25
H
Hail, 192
Halides
hydration at interfaces, 140
–metal complexes, 91, 92, 94, 96–97