555
Index
sources of, 98–99
trace, 91, 92, 102–109
in vent waters, 81, 107, 446–452
El Niño, 28, 51, 262
Energy states, molecules, 427–431
English Channel
N:P ratio, 354
P:N:C ratio, 354
phosphorus profiles, 341
Enthalpy
dissolution of gases, 255–257
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Entropy
dissolution of gases, 255–257
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Enzymes, trace metals and, 376
Equatorial Atlantic, 24
Equatorial Countercurrent, 31
Equatorial Pacific
iron levels, 385
phytoplankton stocks, 383
Equatorial waters, D/H ratios, 86
Equilibrium constants
carbonate, 269–274
seawater, 265
water, 264
Equivalents, seawater, 67–69
Estuaries
anoxic waters, 455
circulation, 35–38
composition, 69–78
conductivity salinity, 75
defined, 36
density, 13
density-derived salinity, 75–78
organic matter inputs, 406–407
salinity, 71–78
water properties, 36–38
Ethane, 451
Ethylenediamine, 97
Eucken’s polymer model, 139
Eukaryotes, 403
Euphotic zone
primary production in, 373, 406
remote sensing techniques, 380–382
Eurasian Basin, 33–34
Euryhaline organisms, 375
Evaporation
in isolated basins, 78–81
and salinity, 8–9
and surface water salinity, 9–11
Evaporation method, measuring salinity, 57–58
Evaporites, 78–81
Excess mixing properties, 177–180
Excited state
and energy, 428–429
molecules, 427–430
Exit coefficient, 236–237, 282
Expansibility, 147–148
Exponential phase, phytoplankton growth, 376
F
F-11, 42
F-12, 42
Falkland Current, 20
Fats, 369, 420
Fatty acids, 419–420
Feldspar, 84, 360
Fermentation, anoxic basins, 456
Ferrodoxin, 376
Fick’s first law, 232–233, 234
First law of chemical oceanography, 56
First law of photochemistry, 425
Fish
and acid rain, 196, 198
production of high magnesium calcite, 306
Fjords
estuarine system, 36
redox reactions, 108
water density, 13
Flash photolysis, 439
Flickering cluster model, 137–138
Florida Current, 18
Fluorescence, 429–430
Fluoride–metal complexes, 91, 96
Fluorine (F), 65, 109
Food chain, marine, 367
Formation, heats of, 141
Fossil fuel combustion
carbon dioxide from, 200–207, 209, 259,
262–264, 307–314
carbon monoxide from, 193
nitric oxide from, 193
per capita emissions, 201–203
sulfur from, 196
Framboidal pyrite, 483
Framvaren Fjord
ammonium, 492
bottom waters, 488
C:N:P ratio, 495
C:N ratio, 495
C:P ratio, 495
decomposition of organic matter, 483–484
deep water, 478
dissolved oxygen, 484
Index
sources of, 98–99
trace, 91, 92, 102–109
in vent waters, 81, 107, 446–452
El Niño, 28, 51, 262
Energy states, molecules, 427–431
English Channel
N:P ratio, 354
P:N:C ratio, 354
phosphorus profiles, 341
Enthalpy
dissolution of gases, 255–257
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Entropy
dissolution of gases, 255–257
electrolyte solutions, 141–153
Enzymes, trace metals and, 376
Equatorial Atlantic, 24
Equatorial Countercurrent, 31
Equatorial Pacific
iron levels, 385
phytoplankton stocks, 383
Equatorial waters, D/H ratios, 86
Equilibrium constants
carbonate, 269–274
seawater, 265
water, 264
Equivalents, seawater, 67–69
Estuaries
anoxic waters, 455
circulation, 35–38
composition, 69–78
conductivity salinity, 75
defined, 36
density, 13
density-derived salinity, 75–78
organic matter inputs, 406–407
salinity, 71–78
water properties, 36–38
Ethane, 451
Ethylenediamine, 97
Eucken’s polymer model, 139
Eukaryotes, 403
Euphotic zone
primary production in, 373, 406
remote sensing techniques, 380–382
Eurasian Basin, 33–34
Euryhaline organisms, 375
Evaporation
in isolated basins, 78–81
and salinity, 8–9
and surface water salinity, 9–11
Evaporation method, measuring salinity, 57–58
Evaporites, 78–81
Excess mixing properties, 177–180
Excited state
and energy, 428–429
molecules, 427–430
Exit coefficient, 236–237, 282
Expansibility, 147–148
Exponential phase, phytoplankton growth, 376
F
F-11, 42
F-12, 42
Falkland Current, 20
Fats, 369, 420
Fatty acids, 419–420
Feldspar, 84, 360
Fermentation, anoxic basins, 456
Ferrodoxin, 376
Fick’s first law, 232–233, 234
First law of chemical oceanography, 56
First law of photochemistry, 425
Fish
and acid rain, 196, 198
production of high magnesium calcite, 306
Fjords
estuarine system, 36
redox reactions, 108
water density, 13
Flash photolysis, 439
Flickering cluster model, 137–138
Florida Current, 18
Fluorescence, 429–430
Fluoride–metal complexes, 91, 96
Fluorine (F), 65, 109
Food chain, marine, 367
Formation, heats of, 141
Fossil fuel combustion
carbon dioxide from, 200–207, 209, 259,
262–264, 307–314
carbon monoxide from, 193
nitric oxide from, 193
per capita emissions, 201–203
sulfur from, 196
Framboidal pyrite, 483
Framvaren Fjord
ammonium, 492
bottom waters, 488
C:N:P ratio, 495
C:N ratio, 495
C:P ratio, 495
decomposition of organic matter, 483–484
deep water, 478
dissolved oxygen, 484